Introduction

1. Introduction As programmers, we don’t want to have to implement functions for every possible task we encounter. The Standard C library contains functions for performing common tasks.

2. Standard C Library Many of the general purpose functions available in the the Standard C library are declared in the following: • math.h • strings.h • stdio.h • stdlib.h • time.h We’ll discuss the most commonly used functions declared in these.

3. math.h The math library contains what you would expect: functions for performing common mathematical operations. These include Function Description abs returns the absolute value of an integer x cos returns the cosine of x, where x is in radians exp returns ex fabs returns the absolute value of a float x log returns the logarithm to base e log10 returns the logarithm to base 10 pow returns xy sin returns the sine of x, where x is in radians sqrt returns the square root of x tan returns the tangent of x, where x is in radians

4. math.h The math library also contains functions you may not have heard of: Function Description ceil the ceiling function rounds a number with a decimal part up to the next highest integer (written mathematically as ⌈x⌉) floor the floor function rounds a number with a decimal part down to the next lowest integer (written mathematically as ⌊x⌋) See example-library-math.c on the course webpage. Note: Most of the functions in the math library expect the function argument(s) to be of type double and return a value of type double.

5. strings.h There are many functions for manipulating strings. Some of the more useful are Function Description strcat concatenates (i.e., adds) two strings strcmp compares two strings strcpy copies a string strlen calculates the length of a string (not including the null) strstr finds a string within another string strtok divides a string into tokens (i.e., parts) See example-library-strings.c on the course webpage. See example-library-strings2.c on the course webpage. Note: strcpy() and strcat() do not allocate the space required for their Operations.

6. stdio.h We’ve already seen many of the functions in stdio.h. Function Description printf formatted printing to stdout scanf formatted input from stdin fprintf formatted printing to a file fscanf formatted input from a file getc get a character from a stream (e.g, stdin or a file) putc write a character to a stream (e.g, stdout or a file) fgets get a string from a stream fputs write a string to a stream fopen open a file fclose close a file

7. stdlib.h Function Description atof convert a string to a double (not a float) atoi convert a string to an int exit terminate a program, return an integer value free release allocated memory malloc allocate memory rand generate a pseudo-random number srand seed the pseudo-random number generator system execute an external command See example-library-stdlib.c on the course webpage.

8. time.h This library contains several functions for getting the current date and time. Function Description time get the system time ctime convert the result from time() to something meaningful See example-library-time.c on the course webpage.