by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

1. SPANISH-AMERICAN CONTRASTIVE ANALYSISSEE ALSO “SPANISH-AMERICAN HUMOR”AND “CISNEROS’ HUMOROUS NAMES” by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen 29

2. SPAIN, FRANCE, ITALYAND PORTUGAL (Parra Guinaldo 4) 29

3. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL (Parra Guinaldo 5) 29

4. Don Quixote’s Mind:Rocinante, Dulcinea, Sancho Panza, Lance & Windmills 29

5. CODE SWITCHING • L. Dabène said, “In the case of the first generation, Code Switching is often used as a remedial strategy to incompetence.” • “In the case of the second generation, code switching can fulfill different functions:” 29

6. “It enables the speaker to claim his/her identity.” • “It expresses a kind of complicity with the others or, on the other hand, it reveals a strategy of divergence from the environment.” • (Dabène 160) 29

7. “Code Switching enables the speaker to express commentaries about the language (metalinguistic use), to comment on what has just been said (metadiscursive use), or to change the type of interaction, to select other interlocutors or to switch from a dialogue to a collective exchange (metacommunicative use).” • (Dabène 160) 29

8. SPANGLISH • “Spanglish” is a new kind of slang finding its way not only into conversations but also into short stories, novels, popular music, comedy acts, and television sitcoms. • Sprinkled through English sentences are such insertions as “Que no?,” “Tambien,” and “Yo se.” 29

9. Sometimes English words are combined with Spanish words, so that “barber shop” and “peluqueria” becomes “barberia.” • Similarly, “chilling out” becomes “chileando,” and “to park” becomes “parkear.” • (Nilsen & Nilsen 283) 29

10. HISPANIC NAMES • In Spain and Latin America, if a girl were named Ana Maria López Garcia, she has two surnames. The first one is her father’s (López), and the second one is her mother’s (Garcia). • (Bengoa 3) 29

11. If Ana Maria López Garcia married Gregoria Díaz Rodriguez, then she would write her name as Ana Maria López de Díaz. • In Mexico, Ana Maria López de Díaz would go by her maiden name daily (Maria López Garcia), but on formal documentation she would identify herself with her married name (Ana Maria López de Díaz). • (Bengoa 3-4) 29

12. If she were to have a child, Alicia, Alicia’s full name would be Alicia López Díaz, keeping both her father’s and her mother’s surnames (Bengoa 3). 29

13. SPANGLISH TEST 1 • bacuncliner • vacuum cleaner • biper • beeper or pager • boyla • boiler • chileando • chilling out • choping • shopping • fafu • fast food • jangear • hanging out • joldoperos • muggers, holdup artists 29

14. SPANGLISH TEST 2 • liqueo • to leak • maicrogüey • microwave oven • pulover • T-shirt • roofo • roof • sangüiche • sandwich • tensén • ten-cent store like K-Mart or Woolworths • --Alvarez 487 29

15. Phonological Differences 1 • English has 13 vowels; Spanish has only 5 vowels • Spanish is a syllable-timed language; English is a stress-timed language • Spanish /d/ and /ð/ are alaphonic as in “duda”  29

16. Phonological Differences 2 • English has a retroflex /r/; Spanish has a flapped /r/ and a trilled /r/ written as <r> and <rr> • English has no velar fricative <x> or <j> • Spanish doesn’t distinguish between /č/ and /š/, or between /s/ and /z/ 29

17. Orthographic Differences 1 • Spanish <ll> is pronounced /y/; Spanish <l> is pronounced /l/ • Spanish <j> is a velar fricative • Spanish <b> and <v> are both the same (bilabial fricatives) • Spanish has <ñ> for the /ny/ sound • Spanish <h> is not pronounced • Spanish has a <q> but no <k> or <c> 29

18. Orthographic Differences 2 • Spanish begins questions with <¿> and exclamations with <i> • Spanish uses a period for thousands, and a comma for a decimal; English does the reverse • Spanish uses «…» for quotation marks, not “…” 29

19. Morphological Differences • Spanish verbs are more highly inflected than are English verbs • Spanish adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in number and gender • Spanish has grammatical gender; English has natural gender • Spanish uses the definite article differently as in “el señor Jones” 29

20. Name Differences • In Spain and Latin America, if a girl were named Ana Maria López Garcia, she has two surnames. The first one is her father’s (López), and the second one is her mother’s (Garcia). • (Bengoa 3) 29

21. If Ana Maria López Garcia married Gregorio Díaz Rodriguez, then she would write her name as Ana Maria López de Díaz. • In Mexico, Ana Maria López de Díaz would go by her maiden name daily (Maria López Garcia), but on formal documentation she would identify herself with her married name (Ana Maria López de Díaz). • (Bengoa 3-4) 29

22. If she were to have a child, Alicia, Alicia’s full name would be Alicia López Díaz, keeping both her father’s and her mother’s surnames. • (Bengoa 3). 29

23. Syntactic Differences • English adjectives come before nouns; Spanish adjectives come after nouns • Spanish has “pro-drop” which means that a subject pronoun can be dropped; English does not • Spanish has double negatives (“No tiene nada”); English does not 29

24. Semantic Differences 1 • Some English-Spanish cognates don’t have the same meaning • Consider the following Spanish words: “actual,” “libraria,” “grocería,” “molestar,” “embarazada” and “principio” • In English, these words mean “present,” “bookstore,” “vulgarity,” “to bother,” “pregnant” and “beginning,” respectively 29

25. Semantic Differences 2 • A single Spanish word can have more than one English meaning: • Spanish “hacer” means either “make” or “do” • Spanish “su” means either “his,” “her,” or “its” • Spanish “en” means either “on,” “in,” “into,” or “at” 29

26. Semantic Differences 3 • Or, a single English word can have more than one Spanish meaning: • English “time” in Spanish can be “tiempo,” “vez,” or “hora” • English “hot” in Spanish can be “picante,” or “caliente” 29

27. In conclusion, consider these riddles: • Spanish “plata” means “silver,” Spanish “oro” means “gold,” and Spanish “platano” means “banana” • Qué es come oro, pero plata no es? • Platano es. 29

28. !Spanish “se parecen” means “similarity” Spanish “manzano” means “apple” Spanish “tren” means “train” Spanish “pera” means “pear” Spanish “espera” means “to wait” • En qué se parecen una manzano y un tren? • No es pera. = No espera. 29

29. !!Spanish “estrellas” means “stars” Spanish “hay” means “are there” Spanish “cielos” means “heavens” Spanish “cinquenta” means “fifty” Spanish “sin quenta” means “countless • Cuantas estrellas hay en los cielos? • Cinquenta. = Sin quenta 29

30. !!!Spanish “perezoso” means “lazy” Spanish “mundo” means “world” Spanish “nada” means both “nothing” and “it swims” • Cual animal es el mas perezoso del mundo? • El pez. • Qué hace el pez? • Nada. 29

31. References # 1: Agosín, Marjorie. “Always Living in Spanish” (Eschholz 116-118). Ahern, Maureen V., and Don L. F. Nilsen. “A Comparison of Animal Dead Metaphors in English and Spanish Speech.” The Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingue 3.2 (1976): 163-175. Alvarez, Lizette Alvarez. “It’s the Talk of Nueva York: The Hybrid called Spanglish” (Clark, 483-488). Ardila, Alfredo. “Spanglish: An Anglicized Spanish Dialect.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 27.1 (2005): 60-81. 29

32. References # 2: Bausa, Vanessa. “Internet Spanglish” (Eschholz 517-519). Bengoa, Sharon. “Phenomena Born from Languages in Contact: Spanglish and Chicano English.” Tempe, AZ: ASU LIN 515 Paper, April 25, 2006. Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Dabène, L. “Le Parler Bilingue Issus de l’Immigration en France.” in Jacobson, 159-168. 29

33. References # 3: Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, eds. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, Ninth Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007. Jacobson, R., ed. Codeswitching as a World Phenomenon. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 1990. Morales, Ed. Living in Spanglish: The Search for Latino Identity. New York, NY: St Martins Press, 2002. Nilsen, Don L. F. “False Cognates in English and Spanish.” in Studies in Descriptive and Historical Linguistics. Ed. Paul J. Hopper. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins, 1977, 174-185. 29

34. References # 4: Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000. Parra Guinaldo, Victor. The Development of the Latin Initial F- in Old Spanish. PowerPoint Presentation. Tempe, AZ: A.S.U., April, 2006. Rodriguez, González F. Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency towards Hegemony Reversal. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. Stavans, Ilan. Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language. New York, NY: First Rayo/HarperCollins, 2003. 29