Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms 7th Grade Life Science

2. Structure of Animals • ______ - basic unit of structure and function in living things • ________ - a group of cells that perform a specific function • _________ - tissues combine to form an organ which performs a more complex function than the tissues alone • ______ - groups of organs that perform the broadest functions in animals Cell tissue organ systems

3. Functions of Animals • Animals vary in the following ways: • _________ • ____________ • _________________ • ________________________ Despite _________ animals carry out the same basic functions of life such as: ____________________ ____________________________ _____________ ______________ size Body structure Outward appearance Environment that they inhabit diversity Obtain food and oxygen Keep internal conditions stable move reproduce

4. Adaptations • ___________ - structures or behaviors that allow animals to perform the basic functions of life • ________________ - some animals have fangs or claws that allows them to obtain food. Food is digested and used for energy. Oxygen is either obtained from air or water • ______________________- animals must maintain a stable environment within their bodies to survive. Ex. Animals in hot environments have adaptations to keep their bodies cool. adaptations Obtain food and oxygen Keep internal conditions stable

5. Movement and Reproduction • __________ - related to meeting the basic needs of survival and reproduction. Most animals move freely from place to place throughout their lives. Others move during different stages of their lives. • ___________ - animals must reproduce to prevent the species from extinction • _________________ - new organism develops from the joining of an egg and sperm cell during __________ • __________________ - a single organism produces a new organism identical to itself. Ex. Sea Anemones movement reproduction Sexual reproduction fertilization Asexual reproduction

6. Classification of Animals • __________ species of animals have been identified • ________ - sorting animals into categories helps biologists make sense of ________ • _______ - major groups of animals – there are about __________ currently • ________ - are arranged like branches on a tree – this shows the relationships between the major groups 1.5 million classifying diversity phylum 35 groups phyla

7. Classification continued • Animals are classified according to how they are _____ to other animals • These relationships are determined by: • ______________________ • ______________________ - its life cycle • _________________ related The animals body structure The way the animal develops The animal’s DNA

8. Vertebrates / Invertebrates • ___________ - animals with a backbone • ALL VERTEBRATES ARE CLASSIFIED IN ONLY 1 PHYLUM • __________ - animals without a backbone • ALL INVERTEBRATES ARE IN DIFFERENT PHYLA • _________ of all animals are invertebrates Vertebrates Invertebrates 97 percent

10. Section 1 Assessment

11. Writing In Science

12. Animal Symmetry • _________ - the balanced arrangement of parts • ____________ - one line that divides the object into halves that are mirror images • ______________ - many lines of symmetry that all go through a central point • _________ - have no symmetry Symmetry Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry sponges

13. Symmetry and Daily Life • Animals without symmetry have _______ body plans. • Animals with bilateral symmetry or radial symmetry have ________ body plans. • Animals with the same ________ share general characteristics • Animals with ___________ do not have distinct front or back ends simple complex symmetry Radial symmetry

14. Animals with Radial Symmetry • Examples: ________, _________, and _______ • No distinct _______ or _______ • All _______________ • Do not ____________ • Movement = ___________, ______________, or ___________________ Sea stars Sea urchins jellyfishes Front back Live in water Move very fast Stay in one spot Creep along the bottom Are moved by water currents

15. Animals with Bilateral Symmetry • _______ have bilateral symmetry • ________ and ____________ • ________ which typically goes first as it moves • Movement is _______ and ____________ • ___________ body • ___________ in the front end that pick up information about what is in front of them • ____________ and __________ help animals with bilateral symmetry obtain food and avoid predators humans larger More complex Front end quicker More efficient Streamlined Sense Organs Swift movement Sense organs

16. Assessment Questions

17. Sponges • Live all over the world, mostly in _______ but also in ______________ and ________. • _____________ carry food and oxygen to the sponges and take away waste products • Water currents also play a role in __________ and _________ young to new places. • Sponges are __________ with _____________ or _____________ oceans Freshwater rivers lakes Water currents Front reproduction transport invertebrates No body symmetry Tissues or organs

18. Sponges continued • Sponges have _____ and _________ that perform different functions such as ______ and _______ • ________ allow the sponge to remain upright and defend itself against predators • ________ - help move oxygen and nutrients into the sponge • Sponges reproduce both _______ and ______ cells structures spikes pores spikes pores asexually sexually

19. Obtaining Food and Reproduction • A sponge eats tiny _______________ by filtering them out of the water. • _____ in the sponges body trap the food and digest it • _________ moves through the sponges _______ and into its ______. • _______ is one form of asexual reproduction • Sponges produce both ______ and _________ Single celled organisms cells oxygen pores cells budding Sperm Egg cells

20. Cnidarians • ____________ - jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals • Cnidarians use ___________ to capture food and defend themselves • Cnidarians have two different _________ • _______ - vase shaped body plan – sea anemone • ________ - bowl shaped body plan -jellyfish Cnidarians Stinging cells Body plans polyp medusa

21. Obtaining food and Movement • ____________ are released from the cnidarians into their prey – some have venom • Once the prey has been stung, the cnidarians use their _______ to pull the prey into its mouth • Cnidarians can move to __________ and _________ - muscle-like tissues allow movement such as swimming and stretching Stinging cells tentacles Escape danger Obtain food

22. Reproduction • Cnidarians reproduce both _________ and __________ • _________ - most common form of asexual reproduction • Some species have both _______ in one individual • Some species such as the jellyfish have __________ that include both sexual and asexual reproduction sexually asexually budding sexes Life cycles

23. Colony • _________ - a group of many individual cnidarians • ____________ - built by cnidarians when a coral polyp attaches itself to a solid surface such as a broken shell, sunken ship, or rock. • The _________ reproduces asexually and then the offspring reproduce asexually. • Coral reefs are home to more __________ species than any other environment on Earth colony Coral reef Coral polyp invertebrates

24. Section Assessment • Page 311 (1-3 ALL)

25. Classification of Worms • Biologists classify worms into three major_____ • ____________ - Platyhelminthes phylum – long flat bodies • _____________ - Nematoda phylum – long, round bpdy • _______________ - Annelida phylum – long, round body made up of linked segments Refer to the phylogenetic tree on page 298 phyla flatworms roundworms Segmented worms

26. Characteristics of Worms 1. ___________ - all worms are ____________ • All worms have ______________ - head and tail ends with organs, tissues, and body systems 2. ____________ - worms are the simplest organism with a brain • Worms have __________ that enable them to detect objects and food and respond quickly Body Structure invertebrates Bilateral symmetry Nervous system Sense organs

27. Reproduction 3. __________ - both asexual and sexual reproduction are found in the worm phyla. • Some species of worms have both ___________________ • Asexual reproduction occurs when worms break into pieces and new worms grow out of each piece • Other species of worms have __________________ Reproduction Male and female sex organs Male and female individuals

28. Flatworms • Flatworms include : • ____________ - parasitic and free living varieties • _____________ - free-living, scavengers • ____________ - parasitic Many flatworms are _________ - an organism that lives on or inside another organism Parasites take food from their _____ The host becomes weak and injured but rarely killed by the parasite tapeworms planarians flukes parasites host

29. Flatworms continued • Flatworms that are not parasites are _______________ - they do not live on or in another organism • Free-living flatworms are found in wet environments such as ___________________ • __________are free-living flatworms • Planarians are _________ - feed on dead or decaying material Free-living organisms Ponds, streams, and oceans planarians scavengers

30. Planarians • Planarians are also _________ to smaller animals than themselves • Planarians feed like a ________________ • Planarians glide onto their prey and insert a __________ - digestive juices flow out of the planarian through the feeding tube into the food. • The digestive juices break down the food ________ of the worms body predators “vacuum cleaner” Feeding tube outside

31. Planarians continued The food is sucked into the feeding tube and digestion is completed inside the worm’s body in a _________ Undigested food exists the worms body through the _________ • ___________ - located in the head of the planarian • Eyespots can detect ______ but cannot see a detailed image cavity Feeding tube eyespots light

32. Tapeworms • _____________ body is adapted to ___________ food from the _______ digestive system • Many tapeworms live _______________ in their lifetime • Life cycle of a tapeworm page 317 – Figure 22 tapeworms absorbing hosts In more than one host

33. Roundworms • Live in any ________ environment • May be the most _________ animals on earth • Some species are _________ and others are _________ • ___________ bodies • Digestive system is _____________ - food enters through the mouth and exists through the anus moist abundant Free-living parasitic cylindric Open at both ends

34. Roundworms continued • __________________ is efficient • Food enters and is digested in an orderly fashion • Food is broken down by ___________ • Food is then __________ into the animals body • ________ are eliminated through the anus • A large amount of nutrients can be absorbed One way digestive system Digestive juices absorbed wastes

35. Segmented Worms • ______________ • _______________ Body Structure Circulatory System

36. Segmented Worms continued • ____________ • __________________ Earthworms Structure of an earthworm

37. Section 4 Assessment