Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) Technician License (Element 2) Instructor Dennis Harding (B3) KD7PSV

1. Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) Technician License (Element 2) Instructor Dennis Harding (B3) KD7PSV Copy Write Dennis Harding

2. Agenda for Today • Introductions to Amateur Radio • Objectives • Course Outline • Frequently asked questions about Amateur Radio • License, Different licenses, and requirements • Radio Spectrum and Licensing (FCC Rules) • Objectives • Some Fundamentals about Waves • Radio Spectrum and How and Why it is regulated • Band Plans • Emission types • Principles of Amateur Radio • Licensing Procedure and Call Sign Allocation • Point of communication • Station Logs • Do’s and Don’t • Review – group test • Assignments for next week Copy Write Dennis Harding

3. What we are going to cover. • Topics • Radio Spectrum, Licensing and Methods (09/22) T1,T2,T7A/B • Radio Phenomena (09/29) T2,T3, • Station Licensee and Control Op Duties (10/06) T4,T5 • Good Operating Practices, Special Ops (10/13) T6,T9 • Basic Electronics (10/20) T7 • Good Engineering Practices (10/27) T8 • Electrical, Antennas and RF Safety (11/03) T0 • Review/Test • Review/Practice (11/10) • Test (11/17) • Home Study • Reading Assignments • Home Work • Morse Code Copy Write Dennis Harding

4. What is Amateur Radio? Non-commercial / Not for profit Self Training Self Policing Voluntary Why is there Amateur Radio Recognized as a valuable asset during disasters and emergency. Advancement of the radio art. Enhance international good will. Produces Trained Radio Operators and Technicians Who can get an Amateur License? Anybody* No Age Limit – You have to be able to take the test. Why should you get an Amateur License? Lots of reasons Emergency Communications It Fun New Friends You want to know more about electronics Why not just get and FRS radio? Short Range local communication only Not monitored for emergencies What does it cost to set up a shack? HT: $50 to $500 Mobile Stations $300 - $1000 Base Stations $300 - $60K+ It’s not the radio, it is the accessories. Do I have to learn Morse Code? Maybe Not required for Technician Required for General, Extra and HF privileges on HF FCC is reviewing Morse Code Requirement. Most likely be eliminated next year. What about the math and theory Basic math You don’t need to be a rocket scientist Do I need to be at every class? No Questions and Answers on the test are public domain Read the book and study. Frequently Asked Questions Copy Write Dennis Harding

5. License Requirements Copy Write Dennis Harding

6. Examination Topic Distribution Over License Classes Copy Write Dennis Harding

7. Question Pool and Question Numbering • Question Pool • ARRL maintains a pool of questions which are used on the test • Each Question is numbered using the following format: <c><s><g><nn> where • c = License (T – Technician, G – General, E Extra) • s = Sub-element • g = group • nn = question number • Example – T2B04 • Technician Sub-elements • FCC Rules – 5 Questions • Methods of Communication – 2 Questions • Propagation – 2 Questions • Station Licensee Duties – 3 Questions • Control Operator Duties – 3 Questions • Good Operating Practices – 3 Questions • Basic Communication Electronics – 3 Questions • Good Engineering Practice – 6 Questions • Special Operations – 2 Questions • Electrical, Antenna Structure and RF Safety Copy Write Dennis Harding

8. Exam Preparation and Administration • Test Location – Bothell Stake Center • Test Date and Time – Nov 17th, Start at 6:30pm – end at 9:00pm • Study the test questions • Question pool is available to the public • Answers are also available Copy Write Dennis Harding

9. Certificate of Successful Completion (CSCE) Copy Write Dennis Harding

10. Federal Communications Commissions Rules Amateur Radio Copy Write Dennis Harding

11. T1 - FCC Rules[5 Exam Questions -- 5 Groups] • T1A Definition/purpose of Amateur Radio Service, Amateur-Satellite Service in places where the FCC regulates these services and elsewhere; Part 97 and FCC regulation of the amateur services; Penalties for unlicensed operation and for violating FCC rules; Prohibited transmissions. • T1B International aspect of Amateur Radio; International and domestic spectrum allocation; Spectrum sharing; International communications; reciprocal operation. • T1C All about license grants; Station and operator license grant structure including responsibilities, basic differences; Privileges of the various operator license classes; License grant term; Modifying and renewing license grant; Grace period. • T1D Qualifying for a license; General eligibility; Purpose of examination; Examination elements; Upgrading operator license class; Element credit; Provision for physical disabilities. • T1E Amateur station call sign systems including Sequential, Vanity and Special Event; ITU Regions; Call sign formats. Copy Write Dennis Harding

12. T2 – Methods of Communication[2 Exam Questions -- 2 Groups] • T2A How Radio Works; Electromagnetic spectrum; Magnetic/Electric Fields; Nature of Radio Waves; Wavelength; Frequency; Velocity; AC Sine wave/Hertz; Audio and Radio frequency. • T2B Frequency privileges granted to Technician class operators; Amateur service bands; Emission types and designators; Modulation principles; AM/FM/Single sideband/upper-lower, international Morse code (CW), RTTY, packet radio and data emission types; Full quieting. Copy Write Dennis Harding

13. FCC Part 97 • Title 47 governs all telecommunicatons in the US. There are 301 parts (Part 0-300) • Part 97 applies to Amateur Radio • Copy available at: http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/rules-reg.html Copy Write Dennis Harding

14. Five Fundamental Purposes of Ham Radio • 1. Recognition and enhancement of the value of the amateur service to the public as a voluntary noncommercial communication service, particularly with respect to providing emergency communications • 2. Continuation and extension of the amateur’s proven ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art. • 3. Encouragement and improvement of the amateur service through rules which provide for advancing skills in both the communications and technical phases of the art. • 4. Expansion of the existing reservoir within the amateur radio service of trained operators, technicians, and electronics experts. • 5. Continuation and extension of the amateur’s unique ability to enhance international goodwill. Copy Write Dennis Harding

15. International Telegraph Union (ITU) Regions Copy Write Dennis Harding

16. US Ruling Body - FCC rules are defined in Part 97 Amateur Service – a radio communication service, carried out by authorized individual without pecuniary interest. Amateur Operator – A person granted a license for amateur service Amateur Station – A station licensed for Amateur Service Amateur Space Station – An amateur station over 50KM high Interference – unwanted signals Points of Communication – Kind of radio station you can communicate with: any amateur station Unidentified Communications – communications from an unidentified source Some Definitions Copy Write Dennis Harding

17. Susan J. Helms, KC7NHZFlight Engineer - ISS Copy Write Dennis Harding

18. Some Fundamentals Common Terms Copy Write Dennis Harding

19. Basic Definitions • Current Types - Direct Current (dc)/Alternating Current (ac) • Batteries / House current • Units for Current – ampere (amp/ A) • Units for Potential – Volts (V) • Units for Power – Watts (W) • Characteristics of a AC wave assuming a frequency of 2 Hertz: Cycle Amplitude Copy Write Dennis Harding 1 second

20. Copy Write Dennis Harding Lower Frequency – Longer Wavelength

21. Wave Terms • Frequency (f) – Rate at which source disturbance oscillates through one complete cycle (Hertz – Hz sec –1) • Wavelength (λ) – Distance between two identical points on adjacent waves or distance traveled by wave in one cycle. (Length cm, mm, m) • Velocity (v) – EM waves travel at speed of light, (v  c = 3 x 108 m/s*) λ = v/f λ(m)  300/f(MHz) Copy Write Dennis Harding

22. Propagation Velocity (v) • Speed of light in free space (c): 3  108 m/s • In dielectric and plasma the velocity of propagation is lower: air = 2.999565096x108 m/s Copy Write Dennis Harding

23. Wave Terms – Cont. • Amplitude (a) – Maximum displacement of wave from constant reference value. • Period (T) – Time to complete one cycle (time, sec) T = 1/f Copy Write Dennis Harding

24. advanced Phase is measured in either degrees or radians. radians = (2p/360o) x degreesdegrees = (360o/2p) x radians 57.3o per radian Positive phase shift wave is advancedNegative phase shift wave is retarded Phase (Ф) • Identical Waves shifted either ahead or behind due to distance separations or time delay. • Pick one as a reference and determine phase difference or phase shift between the two. Copy Write Dennis Harding

25. Callsign Groups All US Callsigns start with A, K, N or W Copy Write Dennis Harding

26. Call Districts Copy Write Dennis Harding

27. Do you need to keep a Log? • Technically no. • It’s good to keep a log • Free logging software “n1mm” Copy Write Dennis Harding

28. Band Plans Technician Technician + Morse Code General Class Extra Class Copy Write Dennis Harding

29. Copy Write Dennis Harding

30. 2300 2310 2390 2450 13cm 1240 1300 23cm 902 928 33cm 420 430 5 MHz repeater frequency separation (Split) 450 70cm 222 219-220 MHz used for point-to-point digital links 225 1.25m 144 600 kHz repeater frequency separation (Split) 148 2m 50 54 6m  No Code Technicians Have All Privileges On The Above Bands  Copy Write Dennis Harding

31. 28 28.100 28.300 28.500 29.0 29.7 10m 21 21.100 21.200 21.450 15m 7 7.100 7.150 7.300 40m 3.5 3.675 3.725 4.0 80m Notes Bolded information appears in question pool Technician Licensees may use up to 1500 watts PEP Technician + HF Licensees may use up to 1500 watts PEP and 200 watts PEP on the HF bands Copy Write Dennis Harding

32. Without Morse Code Single Side Band (SSB) Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Slow Scan Television (SSTV) Amateur TV Digital RTTY PSK31 PACTOR (I, II,III) With Morse Code Carrier Wave (CW) Single Side Band (SSB) Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Slow Scan Television (SSTV) Amateur TV Digital RTTY PSK31 PACTOR (I,II,III) Emission Privileges(modulation) Copy Write Dennis Harding

33. Amplitude Modulation An unmodulated RF carrier wave A carrier wave AM modulated with a simple audio tone Copy Write Dennis Harding

34. Amplitude Modulation An unmodulated RF carrier requires narrow bandwidth Modulation of the carrier creates sidebands. This requires more bandwidth. Transmitter power is spread across this bandwidth Copy Write Dennis Harding

35. AM and SSB The carrier contains no audio information. The sidebands contain duplicate audio information By filtering out the carrier and one sideband, we save spectrum and concentrate our RF energy into a narrower bandwidth. SSB is therefore more efficient. Copy Write Dennis Harding

36. Frequency Modulation Unmodulated carrier, full power at all times Waveform of modulating signal Modulated carrier with frequency deviation and constant amplitude Copy Write Dennis Harding

37. Frequency Modulation • FM transmitters operate at full power at all times, even when you are not talking • When an FM transmitter over-modulates, the transmitted signal becomes so wide (bandwidth) it may interfere with adjacent channels. This is called over-deviation Copy Write Dennis Harding

38. PSK31 Digital Mode Provides VERY EFFICIENT keyboard to keyboard chat capability. PSK31 is not error-corrected. Copy Write Dennis Harding

39. What we can do Operate an amateur station Remote Control of Model Craft Operate stations in other countries (reciprocal operating agreements)* What we cannot do Broadcast to the general public Use encrypted messages Broadcast music* Get Paid for Services* Malicious Interference Send False or Deceptive Signals Transmit unidentified communications* Use obscene language Use for business* Communicate with non-amateur stations* What amateur do’s and don’t? Copy Write Dennis Harding

40. Frequency Sharing • A band of frequencies allocated to different services, of the same category, have equal rights to access. • Goal - Minimize Interference • Categories: Primary and Secondary • Primary stations are protected from interference • Secondary stations must not cause harmful interference • Restriction Areas • Military Bases • 70cm Band • No transmission at 420-430MHz above line “A” (50 mi from Canada Copy Write Dennis Harding

41. FCC Line A Copy Write Dennis Harding

42. Group Test Copy Write Dennis Harding

43. T1A01 Who makes and enforces the rules for the amateur service in the United States? • A. The Congress of the United States • B. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) • C. The Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs) • D. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Copy Write Dennis Harding

44. T1A01 Who makes and enforces the rules for the amateur service in the United States? • A. The Congress of the United States • B. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) • C. The Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs) • D. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Copy Write Dennis Harding

45. T1A02 What are two of the five fundamental purposes for the amateur service in the United States? • A. To protect historical radio data, and help the public understand radio history • B. To help foreign countries improve communication and technical skills, and encourage visits from foreign hams • C. To modernize radio schematic drawings, and increase the pool of electrical drafting people • D. To increase the number of trained radio operators and electronics experts, and improve international goodwill Copy Write Dennis Harding

46. T1A02 What are two of the five fundamental purposes for the amateur service in the United States? • A. To protect historical radio data, and help the public understand radio history • B. To help foreign countries improve communication and technical skills, and encourage visits from foreign hams • C. To modernize radio schematic drawings, and increase the pool of electrical drafting people • D. To increase the number of trained radio operators and electronics experts, and improve international goodwill Copy Write Dennis Harding

47. T1A06 When is the transmission of codes or ciphers allowed to hide the meaning of a message transmitted by an amateur station? • A. Only during contests • B. Only during nationally declared emergencies • C. Codes and ciphers may not be used to obscure the meaning of a message, although there are special exceptions • D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used Copy Write Dennis Harding

48. T1A06 When is the transmission of codes or ciphers allowed to hide the meaning of a message transmitted by an amateur station? • A. Only during contests • B. Only during nationally declared emergencies • C. Codes and ciphers may not be used to obscure the meaning of a message, although there are special exceptions • D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used Copy Write Dennis Harding

49. T1A11 When may an amateur station transmit unidentified communications? • A. Only during brief tests not meant as messages • B. Only when they do not interfere with others • C. Only when sent from a space station or to control a model craft • D. Only during two-way or third-party communications Copy Write Dennis Harding

50. T1A11 When may an amateur station transmit unidentified communications? • A. Only during brief tests not meant as messages • B. Only when they do not interfere with others • C. Only when sent from a space station or to control a model craft • D. Only during two-way or third-party communications Copy Write Dennis Harding