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Species Interactions: Symbiosis, Competition, and Antagonism

Explore the relationships between different species including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and competition. Learn about common defense mechanisms and examples of interactions in the natural world.

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Species Interactions: Symbiosis, Competition, and Antagonism

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  1. Symbiosis is a relationship between different species in which at least one species depends upon the relationship to survive

  2. Symbiotic relationships • Symbiosis • Mutualism (+ +) • Commensalism (+ 0) • Antagonism (+ -) • Parasitism • Predation • Competition • Amensalism (- 0)

  3. Antagonism - Predation • One individual (predator) captures, kills, and consumes another individual (prey) Common Defenses Against Predation • Flight • Mimicry • Camouflage • Chemicals/Physical Structures • Bright Colors

  4. Herbivore-Plant Interactions • An herbivore grazing on a plant is another example of predation. • Usually, only part of the prey is eaten by the predator. • Photo Credit: Rhett A. Butler @ mongabay.com

  5. Antagonism - Competition • Competition in an interaction between two organisms that are using the same resources • Competition within the same species= intraspecific • Competition between different species= interspecific • One organism better uses a resource leaving less for other species

  6. Example: Interspecific Competition • Two species of barnacles on rocky coasts often compete for space. • The smaller species (Chthamalus) is unable to compete as well as the larger species (Balanus). • However, Chthamalus can survive drying better than Balanus, so it can live higher up on the rocks.

  7. Experiment: Interspecific Competition • In Scotland, Joseph Connell studied interspecific competition in these two barnacles. • In places where both barnacles were present, he removed the Balanus barnacles from the rocks.

  8. Experiment: Interspecific Competition • When Balanus barnacles were removed, the Chthamalus barnacles moved down into the vacant area. • This showed that Balanus was outcompeting Chthamalus in the lower zone.

  9. Experiment: Interspecific Competition • At other sites where both barnacles were present, he removed Chthamalus barnacles from the rocks. • The vacant areas remained unoccupied. • This showed that Balanus was not able to survive in the upper zone.

  10. Antagonism - Parasitism • One individual is harmed and one benefits • Parasite feeds on the host • No immediate death

  11. Mutualism • Both species benefit • Pollination

  12. Commensalism • One species benefits and the other is not affected • Cattle Egrets and Livestock

  13. Ammensalism • one species is harmed or inhibited and the other species is unaffected • shading out of one plant by a taller and wider one • the inhibition of one plant by the secretions of another

  14. Species Interactions

  15. http://education.nationalgeographic.org/activity/ecological-relationships/http://education.nationalgeographic.org/activity/ecological-relationships/ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxrzdhHjf0Q&list=PL0EA301D130F3DB40 • Clips 1-3

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