Cogeneration, CHP As a Future Power & Heat

1. Cogeneration, CHP As a Future Power & Heat Presented By: P. S. Jalkote, EA-0366 Manager ( Operations & EMC ) Reliance Energy Ltd. DTPS, Dahanu

2. Introduction. What is Cogeneration (CHP) ? Why Cogeneration ? Cogeneration Principle. Cogeneration Technologies. Application of Cogeneration. Economics of Cogeneration. Usefulness of Cogeneration Technology. Policies. Summary. Contents…

3. Yes……I, you, society, organization, state, nation and world need development. Not only development but a Sustainable development. Sustainable development benefits social, economic, technological, and environmental. Power (electricity) and Heat (i.e.CHP) plays a major role for development. Yes… Cogeneration, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) can fulfill it for long way. Introduction

4. Cogeneration = the simultaneous production of heat and power, with a view to the practical application of both products. A way of local energy production. Used instead of separate production of heat and electricity. Heat is main product, electricity by-product or alternate. Uses heat that is lost otherwise. Way to use energy more efficiently. Different area’s of application. Different technologies. What is Cogeneration ?

5. Improve energy efficiency. Reduce use of fossil fuel. Reduce emission of CO2. Also, Reduce cost of energy. If heat fits demand, the cheapest way of electricity production. Improve security of supply. Use of organic waste as fuel. Position on energy market. Why Cogeneration ?

6. Conventional power generation, on average, is only 35% efficient. Up to 65% of the energy potential is released as waste heat. More recent combined cycle generation can improve this to 55%. In conventional electricity generation, further losses of around 5-10% are associated with the transmission and distribution of electricity. Through the utilization of the heat, the efficiency of cogeneration plant can reach 90% or more. Cogeneration therefore offers energy savings ranging between 15-40%. Why Cogeneration ?

7. Separate production of Electricity & Heat Cogeneration

8. Energy Efficiency (I) Energy Efficiency (II) Energy Efficiency (III)

9. When steam or gas expands through a turbine, nearly 60 to 70% of the input energy escapes with the exhaust steam or gas. This energy in the exhaust steam or gas is utilized for meeting the process heat requirements, the efficiency of utilization of the fuel increases. Such an application, where the electrical power and process heat requirements are met from the fuel, is termed as “Cogeneration”. Since, most of the industries need both heat and electrical energy, cogeneration can be a sensible investment for industries. It is also known as ‘Combined Heat and Power (CHP)’ and ‘Total Energy System’. Cogeneration Principle

10. There are two main types of cogeneration concepts Topping Cycle plants Bottoming Cycle plants Classification of Cogeneration Systems

11. A topping cycle plant generates electricity or mechanical power first The four types of topping cycle cogeneration systems are: A gas turbine or diesel engine producing electrical or mechanical power followed by a heat recovery boiler to create steam to drive a secondary steam turbine. This is called a combined-cycle topping system. Topping Cycle

12. 2) The second type of system burns fuel (any type) to produce high-pressure steam that then passes through a steam turbine to produce power with the exhaust provides low-pressure process steam. This is a steam-turbine topping system. 3) A third type employs hot water from an engine jacket cooling system flowing to a heat recovery boiler, where it is converted to process steam and hot water for space heating 4) The fourth type is a gas-turbine topping system. A natural gas turbine drives a generator. The exhaust gas goes to a heat recovery boiler that makes process steam and process heat. Topping Cycle

13. Bottoming Cycle • A bottoming cycle plant generates heat first. • These plants are much less common than topping cycle plants. • These plants exist in heavy industries such as glass or metal manufacturing where very high temperature furnaces are used. • The waste gases coming out of the furnace is utilized in a boiler to generate steam, which drives the turbine to produce electricity.

14. Backpressure Technology. Extraction Condensing Technology. Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Boiler Technology. Combined Cycle Technology. Reciprocating Engine Technology. Micro-turbines. Fuel cells. Stirling engines. Cogeneration Technologies

20. Nowadays there are microturbines as small as 25 kW. In general, microturbines can generate anywhere from 25 kW to 200 kW of electricity. Microturbines are small high-speed generator power plants that include the turbine, compressor, generator, all of which are on a single shaft. As well as the power electronics to deliver the power to the grid. Moving part, use air bearings and do not need lubricating oil. They are primarily fuelled with natural gas, but they can also operate with diesel, gasoline or other similar high-energy fossil fuels. Research is ongoing on using biogas. Microturbine

21. Microturbine

22. Microturbine

23. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity without combustion and mechanical work such as in turbines or engines. In fuel cells, the fuel and oxidant (air) are continuously fed to the cell. All fuel cells are based on the oxidation of hydrogen. The hydrogen used as fuel can be derived from a variety of sources, including natural gas, propane, coal and renewable such as biomass, or, through electrolysis, wind and solar energy. A typical single cell delivers up to 1 volt. In order to get sufficient power; a fuel cell stack is made of several single cells connected in series. Fuel cells

24. Fuel cells

25. Fuel cells

26. The Stirling engine is an external combustion device and therefore differs substantially from conventional combustion plant where the fuel burns inside the machine. Heat is supplied to the Stirling engine by an external source, such as burning gas, and this makes a working fluid, e.g. helium, expand and cause one of the two pistons to move inside a cylinder. This is known as the working piston. A second piston, known as a displacer, then transfers the gas to a cool zone where it is recompressed by the working piston. The displacer then transfers the compressed gas or air to the hot region and the cycle continues. The Stirling engine has fewer moving parts than conventional engines, and no valves, tappets, fuel injectors or spark ignition systems. It is therefore quieter than normal engines Stirling engines

27. Stirling engines

28. Most important technical parameter influencing the selection of the type of cogeneration system. The heat-to-power ratio of a facility should match with the characteristics of the cogeneration system to be installed. It is defined as the “ratio of thermal energy to electricity required by the energy consuming facility”. It can be expressed in different units such as Btu/kWh, kcal/kWh, lb./hr/kW. Heat-to-Power Ratio

29. Heat-to-Power Ratio

30. Advantages & Disadvantages

31. Advantages & Disadvantages

32. Advantages & Disadvantages

33. Application of Cogeneration • • Scale of application : Large scale – small scale. • • Heat usage : Special – process. • • Technology : Backpressure, Gas turbine, Combined cycle, gas engine. • • User : One user – more users. • • Ownership : User – cooperation.

34. Application of Cogeneration • Industrial: • Pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals • Paper and board manufacture • Brewing, distilling & malting • Ceramics • Brick • Cement • Food processing • Textile processing • Minerals processing • Oil Refineries • Iron and Steel • Motor industry • Horticulture and glasshouses • Timber processing

35. Application of Cogeneration • Buildings: • District heating. • Hotels. • Hospitals. • Leisure centres & swimming pools. • College campuses & schools. • Airports. • Prisons, police stations, barracks etc. • Supermarkets and large stores. • Office buildings. • Individual Houses.

36. Application of Cogeneration • Renewable Energy: • Sewage treatment works • Poultry and other farm sites • Short rotation coppice woodland • Energy crops • Agro-wastes (ex: bio gas) • Energy from waste: • Gasified Municipal Solid Waste • Municipal incinerators • Landfill sites • Hospital waste incinerators

37. Application of Cogeneration

38. Application of Cogeneration

39. Application of Cogeneration

40. Economic Value of Cogeneration • Depends very much on tariff system. • Heat - avoided cost of separate heat production. • Electricity 1) Less purchase (kWh). 2) Sale of surplus electricity. 3) Peak sharing. • Carbon credits (future).

41. Energy Flows

42. Money Flows Rs. Rs. Rs.

43. Economics

44. To reduce power and other energy costs. To improve productivity and reduce costs of production through reliable uninterrupted availability of quality power from Cogeneration plant. Cogeneration system helps to locate manufacturing facility in remote low cost areas. Improves energy efficiency, and reduces CO2 emissions therefore it supports sustainable development initiatives. The system collects carbon credits which can be traded to earn revenue. Due to uninterrupted power supply it improves working conditions of employees raising their motivation. This indirectly benefits in higher and better quality production. Usefulness of Cogeneration Technologies

45. Cogeneration System saves water consumption & water costs. Improves brand image and social standing. Cogeneration is the most efficient way of generating electricity, heat and cooling from a given amount of fuel. It saves between 15-40% of energy when compared with the separate production of electricity and heat. Cogeneration helps reduce CO2 emissions significantly. It also reduces investments into electricity transmission capacity, avoids transmission losses, and ensures security of high quality power supply. A number of different fuels and proven, reliable technologies can be used. A concurrent need for heat, electricity and possibly cooling indicates suitable sites for cogeneration. Usefulness of Cogeneration Technologies

46. The initial investment in cogeneration projects can be relatively high but payback periods between 3-5 years might be expected. The payback period and profitability of cogeneration schemes depends crucially on the difference between the fuel price and the sales price for electricity. Global environmental concerns, ongoing liberalization of many energy markets, and projected energy demand growth in developing countries are likely to improve market conditions for cogeneration in the near future. Usefulness of Cogeneration Technologies

47. In India, power development is the joint responsibility of the Central and State government. In fact, Section 44 (1) of E(S) Act 1948 bars any licensee or any other person other than the government or a government corporation from setting up a generating station without the consent of the State Electricity Board (SEB) concerned. And Section 44 (2A) requires the SEB to consult the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) before issuing a consent for capacities more than 25 MW. In India, cogeneration is synonymous with captive generation. Thus there was a need to open an alternative route other than private generating companies, where the industries themselves will be interested in meeting their own power demand by pooling resources together. Captive/cogeneration power plants offer such an alternative. Policies in support of Cogeneration

48. Cogeneration is proven technology. Cogeneration helps for sustainable development. Cogeneration improves energy efficiency….. …….if heat is used in a proper way. Otherwise it is just a bad way of electricity production. Scale is not a limit for cogeneration. Right dimensioning is crucial for economic application. Economic performance will increase because of environmental policy. Summary

49. THANK YOU for your attention “Cogeneration, the path to profit and Sustainable development”