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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS. Prepared by: Ertuğrul Eriş Chapter 2:Circuit Elements Reference textbook:Electric Circuits, Nielsson, Riedel Pearson, Prentence Hall,2010. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS. Voltage and current sources( Gerilim ve akım kaynakları ) Independent Dependent

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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

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  1. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS Prepared by: Ertuğrul Eriş Chapter 2:Circuit Elements Reference textbook:Electric Circuits, Nielsson, Riedel Pearson, Prentence Hall,2010 Ertuğrul Eriş

  2. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS • Voltage and current sources(Gerilimveakımkaynakları) • Independent • Dependent • Electrical resistance(Ohm’s Law) (Dirençelemanı ) • Construction of a circuit model • Kirchhoff ‘s Laws (Axioms, aksiyomları, yasaları) • Analysis of a circuit containing dependent sources How do we get electrical enegy at home? Power supply/plug/socet Ertuğrul Eriş

  3. SYSTEM/CIRCUIT • SYSTEM: set of components put together in order to achieve a goal. • Electrical systems: Communication, Control, Computer • CIRCUIT: Subsystem. • Circuit: elements connected together • filters, modulation circuits What is goal? Could there be a system without any goal? Ertuğrul Eriş

  4. IDEAL ELEMENT/COMPONENT • Element is • İdeal • Defined in theory • Component is • Real • available in the market (Selanik pasajı) • A physical component can be modeled by using ideal elements then we will be able to use math as a tool to describe the physical component.(see slide 18) Ertuğrul Eriş

  5. IDEAL BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS • EACH IDEAL CIRCUIT ELEMENT HAS • VOLTAGE across its terminals • CURRENT flow through • Mathematical description of an ideal basic circuit element (sources are exception) V(t)=p i(t) where (tanım bağıntısı, definition relation) • P is a parameter/opertor depends on physical and chemical properties of the component material Ertuğrul Eriş

  6. INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE • Ideal Independent voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals regardless of the current flowing in those terminals • Ideal Independent voltage source’s current is specified by the circuit it is connected to. • Independent sources has no direct mathematical relation between its current and voltage • Practical voltage sources • Alternate voltage source(AC) • Direct voltage source(Battery, DC) • Electrical input signal(microphone output) Ertuğrul Eriş

  7. INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE • Ideal Independent current source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed current flowing in its terminals regardless of the voltage across those terminals • Ideal Independent current source’s voltage is specified by the circuit it is connected to. • Independent sources has no direct mathematical relation between its current and voltage • There is no Practical voltage sources, They could be designed electronically. (see Operational amplifiers chapter) Ertuğrul Eriş

  8. INDEPENDENT SOURCES Voltage source Current source • Why do we have different independet sources? Ertuğrul Eriş

  9. TESTING INTERCONNECTIONS OF IDEAL SOURCES • Can we connect independent sources randomly? Ertuğrul Eriş

  10. INDEPENDENT SOURCES PROPERTIES Compare ib and id Compare va and vc Ertuğrul Eriş

  11. DEPENDENT (CONTROLLED) SOURCES • A diamond is used to represent a dependent source • Dependent voltage source is shown with voltage reference • Dependent current source is shown with current reference • Current controlled voltage source (CCVS) • Vs=µix Vs :supplied voltage; ix :controlling current • Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) • Vs=µvx Vs :supplied voltage; Vx :controlling voltage • Current controlled Current source (CCCS) • Is=µix Is :supplied current; ix :controlling current • Voltage controlled Current source (VCCS) • Is=µvx Is :supplied current; Vx :controlling voltage Ertuğrul Eriş

  12. DEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES • Controlling voltage polarity reference should be identified • Controlling current reference direction should be identified Ertuğrul Eriş

  13. DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES • Controlling voltage polarity reference should be identified • Controlling current reference direction should be identified Ertuğrul Eriş

  14. TESTING INTERCONNECTIONS OF INDEPENDENT/DEPENDENT SOURCES • Can we connect dependent/independent sources randomly? Ertuğrul Eriş

  15. FIND α ? Ertuğrul Eriş

  16. ELECTRICAL RESISTOR -1 (Direnç Elemanı) • İdeal • Two terminals (iki uçlu) • Heater, light source • Mathematical model V = R İ Ertuğrul Eriş

  17. ELECTRICAL RESISTOR -2 Ertuğrul Eriş

  18. OPEN/SHORT CIRCUIT ELEMENTS(Açık/Kısa devre Elemanları) Short circuit element V = 0 İ = depends on the circuit connected to a b Open circuit element İ = 0 V = depends on the circuit connected to a b 2 Switch (anahtar) 1 open circit 2 short circuit a b 1 Ertuğrul Eriş

  19. MODELLING A circuit model for a flashlight Rl: lamp resistance R1: connection resistance+springy coil Rc: connection resistance Switch Vs: two dry cells Flashlight components Ertuğrul Eriş

  20. SOME OTHER IDEAL CIRCUIT ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS • Capacitance (C) • Inductance (L) • İdeal transformer (n) • Mutual Inductance (M) • Operatinal Amplifier OPAM • Transistor • Definition relation/mathematical model? Ertuğrul Eriş

  21. CIRCUIT (DEVRE) • Why do we need circuit? • «Flash light /A mathematical model !!! • Circuit: is a system composed of ideal elements connected together. • Connection is made by copper wire, «short circuit element» • Circuit input • independent source • Circuit output • An element’s current or voltage Ertuğrul Eriş

  22. CIRCUIT : INPUT/OUTPUT Output(s) calculations measurements Input(s) Sources CIRCUIT ELEMENTS (COMPONENTS) TOPOLOGY Input: Voltage Sources Output: il current Flash light circuit model Ertuğrul Eriş

  23. ACTIVE/PASSIVE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS • W(t)≥0 for all t then circuit element is said «passive» otherwise «active» • Passive elements • Resistor, capacitance, inductor, transformer, mutual inductance • Active elements • OPAM, transistor, dependent independent sources Ertuğrul Eriş

  24. LINEAR/NONLINEAR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS • DEFINITION RELATION IS LINEAR • Superposition(summation, multiplication) • LINEAR ELEMENTS • Resistor, capacitance, inductor, OPAM,transformer, mutual inductor, transistor(conditional) • NONLINEAR ELEMENTS • Diode, transistor(conditional) Ertuğrul Eriş

  25. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS • What is known • Circuit Topology (How the elements are connected) • Circuit elements (type of elements) • Independent sources known(input, energy sources) • What is unknown • Elements’ currents and voltages(outputs) not known “circuit analysis” • Present LAB activity is a circuit analysis Ertuğrul Eriş

  26. CIRCUIT SYNTHESIS • What is known • Input (source) • Output • What is unknown • Circuit elements • Circuit topology • “circuıt synthesis”, design Ertuğrul Eriş

  27. THEORY/PRACTISE COMPARISON THEORY PRACTISE Measured value Measured Power, Energy Laws Component Measured description Voltage-current characteristic Sources Independent(Voltage, Current, AC, DC, input signals) dependent (Transistor,OPAM) Linear (resistance, capacitance, self, operational amp.OPAM) Nonlinear (Diode, transistor) . MEASUREMENT • Current, voltage • Power, Energy • Axioms • Ideal circuit element • Mathematical description (tanım bağıntısı) • Sources • Independent(Voltage, Current, AC, DC, inputsignals) • dependent (CCCS, VCCS, CCVS, VCVS), • Linear (resistance, capacitance, inductor, operational amp.OPAM) • Nonlinear (Diode, transistor) Ertuğrul Eriş

  28. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS-I • Why do we need Math? • Electrical circuits» Mathematical models • Linear Equations • Differential Equations • What is the use of math? • Analysis/Synthesis(Design) Ertuğrul Eriş

  29. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS-II • Passive Circuits • Active circuits • Linear circuits • Nonlinear circuits Ertuğrul Eriş

  30. CIRCUIT THEORY • Definitions • Node(Düğüm):is a point where two or more circuit elements meet. • Loop(closed path, çevre):starting at an arbitrarly selected node, trace a closed path in a circuit through selected elements end return to original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once. Teori, aksiyom (Postulata, Law), Teorem? Ertuğrul Eriş

  31. KIRCHHOFF’ UN CURRENT AXIOM(LAW, KCL) • The Algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit is equals zero. • Algebric sum • Assign a positive sign to a current leaving a node • Assign a negative sign to a current entering to a node • k= number of elements connected to the node • If there are nd nodes in a circuit, thenThere could be k number of Kirchoff’s current equations • Number of currents in an equation must be equal to the number of elements connected to the related node. • Number of linearly independent current equations? Nd-1 How many independent KCL equation could there be at most? Why? Ground node (toprak) Ertuğrul Eriş

  32. KIRCHHOFF’ UN VOLTAGE AXIOM(LAW, KVL) • The Algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path(loop) in a circuit equals zero. • Algebric sum, once a tracing direction is selected • Assign a positive sign to a voltage, when tracing direction encounters the + of the voltage polarity reference before the - voltage polarity, • Assign a negative sign to a voltage, when tracing direction encounters the - of the voltage polarity reference before + voltage polarity, • k= number of elements within the loop • There could be linearly dependent KVL equations. • Number of linearly independent voltage equations? Ne-Nd-1 • MESH (göz):is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it. Mesh voltage euations are linearly independent. How many independent KVL equation could there? Ertuğrul Eriş

  33. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS(CIRCUIT SOLUTION, DEVRE ÇÖZÜMÜ, DEVRE ANALİZİ) • KCL equations • nd-1 independent • KVL equations • ne-nd-1 independent • Elements definition relation (v-i relation) • Ne relations unknowns vs equationsı? Voltage and current signs and reality? Power balance Ertuğrul Eriş

  34. EXAMPLE CIRCUIT Bu örneğe ilişkin Proteus simulasyonu var. Ertuğrul Eriş

  35. VOLTAGE POLARITY REFERANCES CURRENT DIRECTION REFERANCES 1 2 3 + İ2,v2 ibgk + + ib =vbgk İ3,v3 i2 =vb İ6,v6 Ground 10 equations: 3 KCL 2 KVL 5 definition relations 10 unknowns, : vb, vbgk, v2, v3, v6 ib, ibgk, i2, i3, i6 Bu örneğe ilişkin Proteus simulasyonu var. Ertuğrul Eriş

  36. FAST SOLUTION Bu örneğe ilişkin Proteus simulasyonu var. Ertuğrul Eriş

  37. INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE MODELLING BY IDEAL ELEMENTS • Indepent voltage source, Power supply • Battery (pil, akü), DC source • Independent voltage source serial with a ideal resistance Ertuğrul Eriş

  38. UYGULAMADA Kİ BAĞIMSIZ EXAMPLE • When do you throw away a 3V-battery of a 100 mW-radio? • Vs≠3V, 2V? • Internal resistance R value increase? • Normally R= 0,1-1Ω Ertuğrul Eriş

  39. UYGULAMADA Kİ BAĞIMSIZ EXAMPLE RADIO MODELLING: VOLTAGE SOURCE RADIO 100mW 3V 33mA Rx=0 66mW 2.45V 27mA Rx=20 Ω Rx internal resistance VL Radio input Voltage RL=90Ω Radio model 3v Ertuğrul Eriş

  40. PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCE CCS (Constant Current Source), İdeal current source in paralell with an internal resistor a) Plot is versusu vs b) Construct a circuit model of this current source that is valid For 0<= vs <=30V, based on the equation of the line plotted above c)Use your circuit model to predict the current delivered to a 3 KΩ resistor? Ertuğrul Eriş

  41. PROGRAM DESIGN DEPT, PROGRAM GRADUTA STUDENT output STUDENT P R OG R A M O U T C O M E S PROGRAM OUTCOMES P R OG R A M O U T C O M E S STATE, PRIVATE SECTOR FIELD QALIFICATIONS AB/VE NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS KNOWLEDGE Bilgi SKILLS Beceri COMPETENCES Kişisel/ mesleki yetkinler likler NEW STUDENT input ORIENTATION Administration student questionaire ALUMNI, PARENTS ORIENTATION Student Profile student questionaire Teaching staff Non Govermental Organizations STUDENT, offspring ?PROGRAM? Internal constituent Course student questionaire DIŞ PAYDAŞLAR EXTERNAL CONSTITUENTS EXPECTATIONS EU/NATIONAL FIELD QUALIFICATIONS PROGRAM OUTCOMES Evaluatıon Improvement tools Ertuğrul Eriş EXPECTATION: INTERNATIONAL ACCREDITATIONS

  42. BLOOM’S TAXONOMYANDERSON AND KRATHWOHL (2001) !!Listening !! http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/bloomtax.htm Ertuğrul Eriş

  43. ULUSAL LİSANS YETERLİLİKLER ÇERÇEVESİ BLOOMS TAXONOMY Ertuğrul Eriş

  44. ABET ENGINEERING QALIFICATIONS(Field qalifications) (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability (d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice. Ertuğrul Eriş

  45. CIRCUIT THEORY ASSESMENT MATRIX LEARNING OUTCOMES Ertuğrul Eriş

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