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Leonidas Ntziachristos Mech. Eng, PhD Post-Doc Research Fellow

Leonidas Ntziachristos Mech. Eng, PhD Post-Doc Research Fellow. Sampling & Instrumentation Techniques for Automotive Exhaust Particle Emissions. A 5 FP European research programme sponsored by the Directorate General on TRansport and ENergy. The “PARTICULATES” project team.

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Leonidas Ntziachristos Mech. Eng, PhD Post-Doc Research Fellow

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  1. Leonidas NtziachristosMech. Eng, PhDPost-Doc Research Fellow Sampling & Instrumentation Techniques for Automotive Exhaust Particle Emissions Aeronet Workshop

  2. A 5 FP European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General on TRansport and ENergy The “PARTICULATES”project team ” PARTICULATES „ Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles Partners:Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) – Coord. Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm Univ. (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK) IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S) Graz University (AUT) Aachen University (D) Consultants JRC (NL) D. Kittelson G. Reischl Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  3. Project started April 2000 • 3-year duration (end March 2003) • Total cost: 3,6 M€, EU contribution: 2,5 M€ (70%) • http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/lat/particulates The“PARTICULATES”relevant info Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  4. Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of available measurement instruments and techniques • Development and introduction of a harmonised protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions • Examination of the particulate emissions of current light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines • Investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality and after-treatment on particulate emissions The “PARTICULATES”targets Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  5. Primary particles • Soot - elemental carbon(mostly on diesel engines) • Heavy HC (PAHs, >C20) • Ash (metal oxides): • Lube oil and fuel (Ca, Mg, Zn, ...) • Engine component wear (Fe, Cu, Cr, Al,…) • Fuel additives (Ce, Fe, Cu, Mn,…) • Secondary particles • Sulphates (from S in fuel and lube oil) • Condensable organic material • Water Nature of ICEExhaust Particles Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  6. Size definitions and morphology(diesel engine) Df~2.4 Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002 Df~3 +secondary particles

  7. Legislative, mass-based method seemed not to be sensitive enough for future vehicle technologies- 1992: 0.14 g/km, 2005: 0,025 g/km • Work by ISO, US and EU authorities increased sensitivity and reproducibility of traditional method • Evidence from medical research calls for a wider reporting of emissions • To better understand (and control) pollutant formation • Occasion: Report of HEI (1996) raised concerns that mass-based measures do not control number concentrations • evidence after that never confirmed such a finding in a consistent way Why do we need to shift from mass to other metrics? Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  8. Issue 1: What to measure? … instrument • Particle property • Size range • Resolution (time, size) • Applicability / cost • Issue 2: How to measure? … sampling method • Dilution factor • Residence time • Temperature • RH • Hydrocarbon concentration of background air • Decisionsto be taken on: • Requirements from health and environment experts • Potential for evaluation of technology measures Main Issues in ICE Particle Analysis Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  9. Mass of particles <10 μm (respirable fraction) is the legislation requirement • Size: Determines lung deposition profiles and cell interactions and behaviour in atmosphere • Aerodynamic diameter (> 100 nm) • Mobility diameter (< 100 nm) • Surface: Carrier of chemical species, medium for all interactions • Geometric • Fuchs • “Active” surface • Number: Sensitive metric to boundary condition changes • Nature/chemistry: Behaviour in atmosphere and in human body Issue 1What to measureCandidateMetrics Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  10. Issue 1What to measureInstruments(most widespread techniques - non exhaustive list) Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  11. How do exhaust aerosol looks like after atmospheric dilution?Data from SAE 2000-01-2212, Kittelson et al. Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  12. Dilution is required: • To avoid water condensation • To approach atmospheric process • Because particle concentration is usually above instrument max range Issue 2How to measureSampling Parameters Dilution Parameter: Temperature Dilution Ratio Residence Time RH of dilution air Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  13. Issue 2How to measureVehicle effects Vehicle Effect: THC concentration Sulphur concentration History effects Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  14. Similarity to atmospheric dilution • Potential to form nucleation mode • Small sensitivity to change of parameters • Feasibility to reach at the lab Issue 2How to measureSelection of sampling parameters DR: 12.5:1DT: 32°CRT: 1 ms+stabilisation (~3s) Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  15. DR 120 : 1T 40°CRT 3.5 s ELPI DR 12 : 1T 30 - 40°CRT 1 ms SamplingConfigurationExample: Diesel engine emissions Denuder Heater EjectorDilutor Throttle Valve Grav. Impactor Fdddg kjlk Pump TEOM SMPS 2-stage ejector Dilutor Ageing Chamber Mass FlowController DiffusionCharger DR 120 : 1T ambRT 2.5 s DR 1200 : 1T ambRT 2.8 s Filter Charcoal Silica Gel Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002 Dilution Air Line Sample Line Cooling Agent Line

  16. Total “active” surface [RT] • Total particle number [RT] • Surface and number give mean size [RT] • Size segregated solid particle number [RT] • Solids particle mass [RT] • Gaseous pollutants [RT] • Particle mass (VF/nVF) - CVS [CYCLE] • Mass weighted size distribution [CYCLE] • Number weighted size distribution[SS] Example of properties determinationin a single run • RT: Real Time • CYCLE: Mean value over cycle • SS: Steady State Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  17. Example of protocol applicationMotorcycle emissions Active Surface Concentration of totals/solids Distribution with nucleation mode Solid particles distribution Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

  18. Candidate metrics (automotive sector): • mass (will remain legislation metric) • active surface • total number concentration • accumulation mode profile • size segregated chemical fingerprints • Plume aerosol differs from engine-out one • Sampling parameters are critical if nucleation mode particles are important • Soot particles are easier to characterise (thermodenuders become widespread) • Experience from the automotive sector may also apply to ground-level aviation emissions • In-flight emissions? ConclusionsRecommendations Aeronet WorkshopBerlin, 16-17 Sep 2002

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