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Module N ° 4 – Hazards

Module N ° 4 – Hazards. Course structure. S afety. Module 10 Phased approach to SSP and SMS Implementation. M anagement. S ystem. Module 8 SMS planning. Module 9 SMS operation. Module 5 Risks. Module 6 SMS regulation. Module 7 Introduction to SMS. Module 5 Risks. Module 1

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Module N ° 4 – Hazards

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  1. Module N° 4 – Hazards

  2. Course structure Safety Module 10 Phased approach to SSP and SMS Implementation Management System Module 8 SMS planning Module 9 SMS operation Module 5 Risks Module 6 SMS regulation Module 7 Introduction to SMS Module 5 Risks Module 1 SMS course introduction Module 2 Basic safety concepts Module 3 Introduction to safety management Module 4 Hazards Module 3 Introduction to safety management Module 4 Hazards

  3. Objective • At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis through a case study

  4. Outline • Two definitions • First fundamental – Understanding hazards • Second fundamental – Hazard identification • Third fundamental – Hazard analysis • Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards • Questions and answers • Points to remember • Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project (See Handout N° 3)

  5. Two definitions • Hazard– Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function • Consequence– Potential outcome(s) of the hazard • A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is a hazard • A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the hazard

  6. First fundamental – Understanding hazards • There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their consequence(s) • “Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion” • Stating a hazard as consequence(s) : • disguises the nature of the hazard • interferes with identifying other important consequences. • Well-named hazards : • allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard • allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)

  7. First fundamental – Understanding hazards • Types of hazards • Natural • Technical • Economic

  8. Examples of natural hazards • Severe weather or climatic events: • E.g.: hurricanes, major winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear • Adverse weather conditions: • E.g.: Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility

  9. Examples of natural hazards • Geophysical events: • E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides • Geographical conditions: • E.g.: adverse terrain or large bodies of water • Environmental events: • E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation. • Public health events: • E.g.: epidemics of influenza or other diseases

  10. Examples of technical hazards • Deficiencies regarding: • E.g.: aircraft and aircraft components, systems, subsystems and related equipment • E.g.: an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment • E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization

  11. Examples of economics hazards • Major trends related to: • Growth • Recession • Cost of material or equipment • Etc.

  12. Second fundamental – Hazard identification • In order to identify hazards, consider: • Design factors, including equipment and task design • Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists • Communications, including means, terminology and language • …

  13. Second fundamental – Hazard identification • … consider: • Organizational factors, such as company policies for recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of resources • Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment and clothing • ...

  14. Second fundamental – Hazard identification • … consider: • Regulatory factors, including the applicability and enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment, personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of oversight • Defences including detection and warning systems, and the extent to which the equipment is resilient against errors and failures • Human performance, including medical conditions and physical limitations

  15. Sources of hazard identification • Internal • Flight Data Analysis • Company voluntary reporting system • Audits and surveys • External • Accident reports • State mandatory occurrence system • As a reminder • Predictive • Proactive • Reactive

  16. Hazard identification • By whom? • By anybody • By designated personnel • How? • Through formal processes • Depends on the organization • When? • Anytime • Under specific conditions

  17. Hazard identification • Specific conditions • Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions • Major operational changes are foreseen • Periods of significant organizational change

  18. Third fundamental – Hazard analysis A ABC of hazard analysis State the generic hazard (Hazard statement) • Airport construction B Identify specific components of the hazard • Construction equipment • Closed taxiways • … C Naturally leading to specific consequence(s) • Aircraft colliding with construction equipment • Aircraft taking wrong taxiway • …

  19. Third fundamental – Hazard analysis • Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require a constant balance between production goals... • maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a runway construction project • ...and safety goals • maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome operations during runway construction project. • Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be cost-effective to address even when operations must continue (Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)

  20. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards • Appropriate documentation management is important as: • It is a formal procedure to translate operational safety data into hazard-related information • It becomes the “safety library” of an organization

  21. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards • Tracking and analysis of hazards is facilitated by standardizing: • Definitions • Understanding • Validation • Reporting • Measurement • Management

  22. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards Method Identification Management Documentation Information • Reactive method • ASR • MOR • Incident reports • Accident reports Assess the consequences and prioritize the risks Assign responsibilities Safety management information “Safety library” Trend analysis Hazards Hazards • Proactive method • ASR • Surveys • Audits Develop control and mitigation strategies Implement strategies Safety bulletins Report distribution • Predictive method • FDA • Direct observation systems Inform person(s) responsible for implementing strategies Re-evaluate strategies and processes Seminars and workshops Feedback

  23. The focus of hazard identification • Hazard identification is a wasted effort if restricted to the aftermath of rare occurrences where there is serious injury, or significant damage. Accidents 1 – 5 Technology “Practical drift” “Practical drift” Regulations Training Serious incidents 30 – 100 Incidents 100 – 1000 Latent conditions 1000 – 4000 SMS

  24. Hazards Questions and answers

  25. Questions and answers • Q: Define the concept of hazard. • A: • Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function. Slide number: 5

  26. Questions and answers • Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider when identifying hazards. • A: • Design factors, including equipment and task design. • Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists. • Communications, including means, terminology and language. Slide number: 12

  27. Questions and answers • Q:Name three specific circumstances when hazard identification is essential. • A: • Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions. • Major operational changes are foreseen. • Periods of significant organizational change Slide number: 17

  28. Points to remember • Hazards have potential consequences • Sources of hazard identification • ABC of hazard analysis • Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an organization

  29. Hazards Exercise 04/01 – International airportconstruction project (Handout N° 3)

  30. International airport construction project • Group activity: • A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the discussion • A summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts, and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a plenary session • Scenario: • Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000 movements a year)

  31. Aerodrome layout

  32. Construction project – Phase 1 Phase 1

  33. Scope of the work • Phase 1 • Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 10-28 to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification Number (PCN) • Estimated time to complete the work • Seven (7) months

  34. Construction project – Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 1

  35. Scope of the work • Phase 2 • Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 10-28 to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its PCN • Estimated time to complete the work • Seven (7) months

  36. Construction project – Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1

  37. Scope of the work • Phase 3 • Complete the construction work of runway 17-35 for the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection of runway 17-35 and runway 10-28 (from asphalt to concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters and its PCN • Estimated time to complete the work • Four(4) months

  38. Scope of the work • Runway 10-28 utilization during the construction work • Continuous utilization of runway 10-28 during the three-phase of runway 17-35 construction project. [To maintain regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the runway construction project] • Length of runway 10-28 is currently 4.100 m and during Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of 2.600 m for aircraft operations measured between threshold 10 and the intersection of runway 10-28 with taxiway Golf

  39. Identify hazards • Your task • Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques. • Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their components and their related consequences (use a flip chart) • Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows: • List type of operation or activity • State the generic hazard (hazard statement) • Identify specific components of the hazard • List hazard-related consequences • It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification and analysis per each construction phase of runway 17-35

  40. Table 04/01 – Hazard identification Specific components of the hazard Type of operation or activity Generic hazard (hazard statement) Hazard-related consequences N° 1 2 3 4 5

  41. Module N° 4 – Hazards

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