Chapter 5 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. - 300 B.C.

1. Chapter 5Classical Greece,2000 B.C. - 300 B.C. Section 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea

2. Warm upChapter 5, Section1 • Who ruled the Mycenae communities and towns? • How did the invasion of Crete strengthen the Mycenaean culture? • What do archaeologist's discoveries tells us about what the Trojan War was most likely fought for? • What are the purpose of Greek Myths?

3. CHAPTER 5 Classical Greece Time Line Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. Time Line 2000 B.C. Minoan civilization prospers on Crete. About 1200 B.C. Trojan War takes place. 479 B.C. Greece triumphs in Persian Wars. 2000 B.C. 300 B.C. 1500 B.C. Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland. 750 B.C. Greek city-states flourish. 334 B.C. Alexander starts to build his Empire.

4. Mycenaean Civilization Develops Fortified city of Mycenae --steep rocky ridge --walled city Mycenaeans-from Mycenae(main city) • Indo-Europeans from 2000B.C. • wealthy warrior-kings dominated surrounding lands Culture and Trade • Invaded Crete and preserved Minoan culture • From Minoans learned value of sea trade

5. Trojan War Trojan War - 1200 BC 10 yr war • Mycenaeans vs Troy • Trojans kidnapped Helen, wife of Greek King • Historians: battle for waterway control in Aegean Mycenaean Collapse – 1200 B.C. • due to war • “Sea raiders” attack and burn city after city

6. Dorians & Homer Rise of Dorians - 1150 - 750 BC • related to Greeks • dominate Greece (400 years) • less advanced-”Greek Dark Age” • no written record of languag Homer • blind, storyteller • epics - heroic narrative poems • Iliad and Odyssey—stories of Trojan War Myths • Tried to understand mysteries of nature and gods and passions of man • humanlike but immortal given to the gods Homer

7. Warm UpChp 5 Sect 2 PART I • Why did Greek city-states form oligarchy governments? • What did the helot revolt in Sparta cause the Spartans to do? • What role did women and girls have in Spartan society?

8. Greek City-States POLIS: The city-state was primary political unit in ancient Greece Each city controlled 50 To 500 sq miles The city-state or Polis was the main political unit in ancient Greece -A polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside which included numerous villages

9. Acropolis • ACROPOLIS - fortified hilltop (highest) • gathering spot for business Greek’s identified themselves More with their local city-state and Less with their share culture

10. Political Systems in Greek City-States Governments: 4 types • (1) monarchy - king or monarch • aristocrats - noble, landowners • (2) oligarchy - small group of elites • Wealthy merchants dissatisfied with nobles Oligarchy: Rule by A small group

11. Citizen-Soldiers • Iron made weapons affordable to ordinary citizens • Army – hoplite (foot soldiers) citizen soldiers • Made up of Common citizens • No ruler ignored the power of the citizen soldier • (3) Tyrants • Gained control by appealing to poor and discontent citizen-soldiers Phalanx (FAY-lanks) army formation

12. Sparta Builds a Military State Sparta-In Peloponnesus • Messenia - neighbor city-state • Sparta conquers 725 B.C. • Messenian helots - forced servitude • Spartans put down revolt —forces Sparta to become militaristic Government • oligarchy • (1) Assembly: Elected officials voted on major issues • (2) Council of Elders: proposed laws • Two Kings ruled the military Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece TROY Sparta Messenia Peloponnesus

13. Spartan Class System Class System • citizen landowners (free) ruled • non-citizen workers (free) • Helots • Education – boys military schools, begins at 7y/o • Sparta before family— • Women—no education, managed estates, participated in sports Bronze statuette of girl runner, probably from Sparta.

14. Warm UpChp 5 Sect 2 PART II • What events eventually caused the Athenians to embrace democracy? (pg. 117) • What did Cleisthenses do to help make Athens a full democracy? (pg 118) • Why did Darius seek to destroy Athens?

15. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy Athens Politics • (4) democracy - rule by the people • only free adult males citizens • Women: focus on child rearing Why democracy in Athens? • To avoid civil war • Power struggle between rich and poor • Peasants demanded reform • Draco-Greek lawmaker • Code of law: Created Debt Slavery • Created great conflict between aristocrats and common people • Solon - ‘the reformer’ an aristocrat • outlawed debt slavery • Gave all citizens a voice in policy making • Neglected land reforms • Cleisthenes • Council of 500 • limited democracy; only 1 in 5 citizens

16. Persian Empire Map-490 B.C. Persians had conquered Greek lands around 520 B.C. -Ionia in Anatolia Ionians revolted against Persians -Athens sent ships/soldiers to their aid

17. Marathon • Athenians outnumber • Persians overwhelmed order of phalanx • Athenians defeat Persians • 6400 Persian/192 Greek dead • Pheidippides runs to Athens to tell of defeat and dies Athens

18. Greece / Persian Wars Map Athens strength: At SEA Greeks split as 25K Persians approach Xerxes marches unopposed toward Athens -10k Athenians, 300 Spartans await At Thermopylae, Xerxes is told of pass around Mountains—300 Spartans all killed--inspires Athenians who decide to fight at sea-Athens is burned Greeks defeat Persian fleet at Salamis and later Spartans Defeat Persian army at Plataea (pluh-TEE-uh) Greek Fleet at Salamis

19. The Persian Wars Persian Wars Outcome • Prestige and wealth to Athens • Athens leads Delian League • 140 Greek city-states • Athenian navy control League members • Ended threat from Persian attack • Sets stage for golden era for Athens Delian League

20. 2 Section Assessment First Battle Third Battle Second Battle Fourth Battle Complete the following Warring City-States 1.Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major battles of the Persian Wars in Greece. For each battle, include the victor. Salamis Athenians Battle at Marathon Athenians Confrontation at Thermopylae Persians Plataea Plain Spartans

21. Warm upChp 5 Sect 3 • How did Pericles propose to strengthen democracy in Athens? • What did Greek drama tragedies typically focus on? • What are satires? What did Greek playwrights typically write about in their satires?

22. Pericles and the Golden Age Age of Pericles (461 - 429 BC) • Greek general who dominated Athenian Politics “Uncrowned King of Athens”

23. Pericles’ Three Goals for Athens Pericles’ Goals Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon Hold and strengthen empire: Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade

24. Peloponnesian War, 431-404 BC 27 year war to control Greek Peoples and prosperous trade Peloponnesia

25. Spartans and Athenians Go to War Peloponnesian War–Land vs. Sea • Sparta: Strengths • Strong land-based army • Advantage: navy could not attack Sparta was too far inland • Athens • Strong navy • Attack Sparta’s allies • Sparta marches on Athens • Pericles brings citizens into city behind walls • Sparta burns countryside (food) • Athens spared as long as ships sailed into harbor

26. Spartans and Athenians Go to War 2 Disasters • plague in Athens (430 BC) • 1/3 to 2/3 death rate • Pericles dies • Syracuse battle (415-413 BC) • army / fleet destroyed • Athens surrenders (404 BC) • Empire destroyed • Democracy in trouble

27. Citizens: male; 18 years old; born of citizen parents Laws voted on and proposed directly by citizen assembly Leaders chosen by lot Executive branch-Council of 500; carries out laws Juries varied in size No attorneys; no appeals; one-day trials Citizens: born in Untied States or completed citizen process Representatives elected to propose and vote on laws Elected Executive branch-elected & appointed officials Juries composed of 12 jurors Defendants and plaintiffs have attorneys; long appeals process Athenian / U.S. Democracy Direct Democracy Representative Democracy

28. Philosophers Search for Truth Philosophers rise in time of uncertainty • “lovers of wisdom” • Believed in natural order of universe and… • We can understand via logic / reason • Socrates • Search for universal standard for truth and justice • Encouraged Greeks to question themselves and moral character • “Socratic Method” probing questions to find the truth • condemned to death at 70 “corrupting the youth of Athens” –of aristocracy • poisoned himself Socrates

29. Philosophers Search for Truth • Plato-student of Scocrates • Studied individual’s class and role in life • The Republic • perfectly governed society • “farmers, artisans, warriors and ruling class” • “Philosopher-king” • Aristotle • known for his carefully detailed observations about nature and the physical world, which laid the groundwork for the modern study of biology. Aristotle Plato

30. Warm UpChapter 5 Section 4 • Why was Greece so easily conquered by the Macedonians? • How big was Alexander’s empire before his death?

31. Philip Conquers Greece Greek city-states weak after Peloponnesian War Philip II - (359 - 336 BC) • King of Macedonia north of Greece • Ambition to control Greece • Greeks looked down on Macedonians--uncivilized • Built strong army -phalanx strategy • Phalanx breaks thru--cavalry strikes • sites on Greece / Persia • Demosthenes (dee-MAHS-thuh neez) - Athenian orator • warned other Greeks of Philip’s intention • conquered Athens/Thebes in 338 BC • Murdered at daughter’s wedding - 336 BC

32. Alexander Defeats Persia Alexander the Great • son of Philip II (336-323 BC) • Defeat of Persians in Anatolia, 334 BC • Darius III (Persian king) • Alexander charges direct at Darius-fled in fear • Gains control of Anatolia • offered western 1/3 of his empire; Alexander rejects vows to take all Persia • Egyptians welcome Alexander as liberator • founds Alexandria (332 BC) • crowned Pharaoh • Defeats Darius at Gaugamela 250K army at ruins of Nineveh • end of Persian Empire 20 y/o when he became king Student of Aristotle

33. Alexander’s Empire Darius found dead Alexander leaves Mesopotamia to pursue Darius and conquer the remote Asian provinces

34. Alexander’s Conquests Conquest over Governing • Indus River Valley 327 BC • Indians used elephant warfare • 11 years, 11,000 miles • Low morale, he agrees to return to Babylon to organize/unify empire • Dies of fever in Babylon • 323 BC; 33 y/o Post Alexander-Generals fight for control • Antigonus – Macedonia; Greek city-states • Ptolemy - Egypt • Seleusus - Persia

35. Alexander’s Conquests Impact Future Cultures A new culture arises that blends Greek, Egyptian and Eastern customs

36. North West East Alexander’s Rule South Range of Alexander’s Empire Alexander—Empire Builder 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how far north, south, east, and west Alexander ruled. Macedonia Greece India Egypt

37. Chapter 5Classical Greece,2000 B.C. - 300 B.C. Section 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

38. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria Hellenistic (Greek, Persian, Egyptian) • Local traditions with Greek culture • Alexandria, Egypt • economic and cultural center; an international community • Alexander’s glass coffin • Pharos lighthouse • Museums/library - 1/2 million scrolls • Center for science and research

39. Achievements of Hellenistic Culture Science • earth’s position in solar system—center of solar system (dominates next 14 centuries • earth’s circumference • Euclid – mathematician • Started geometry school • The Elements (geometry): used by scholars well into 1900s • Archimedes - geometry/physics • pi (circumference to diameter) • Archimedes screw to raise/lower water Euclid Archimedes

40. Philosophy and Art How people should live their lives: 2 views Stoicism • divine power controls universe • Live life in harmony with natural law • Vices: wealth, desires, power are dangerous • promoted social unity and focus on control things you could Epicureanism • universe composed of atoms • ruled by gods • harmony of body and mind: only reality is that which the senses perceive • pursuit of human pleasure Sculpture • from idealistic to realistic Colossus of Rhodes: largest Hellenistic statue

41. Category Achievements The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Hellenistic achievements in each of the four categories shown below. Disproved the belief that the sun was smaller than Greece, advanced the theory that earth revolves around sun astronomy geometry Euclid’s The Elements, calculation of pi philosophy Stoicism, Epicureanism Realism in sculpture, Colossus of Rhodes art