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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 2

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 2 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. HIPPO CAMPUS. Hippocampus: The Seahorse. Surrounding areas of hippocampus. (Clark, 2006) Perirhinal , Entorhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices. Hippocampus Malfunctions.

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 2

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  1. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 2 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

  2. HIPPO CAMPUS

  3. Hippocampus: The Seahorse

  4. Surrounding areas of hippocampus (Clark, 2006) Perirhinal, Entorhinaland ParahippocampalCortices

  5. Hippocampus Malfunctions • Severe anterograde amnesia • Mild retrograde amnesia • Problems navigating space • Seizures • Early Alzheimer’s Disease

  6. Hippocampus Functions • Consolidation of STM to LTM • Spatial and contextual memory • Episodic memory • Declarative memory • Detection of novel stimuli • Neurogenesis

  7. Spatial Navigation

  8. Spatial Navigation (cont.) Time as London taxi driver Volume of hippocampus

  9. Age Differences in Maintenance Processes (Anders, Fozard & Lillyquist, 1972) Age differences increase with increasing memory set size

  10. R L L R Rypma, Prabhakaran, Desmond, & Gabrieli, 2001 Psychology and Aging

  11. Parahippocampus Hippocampus Trace Link DG Entorhinal cortex CA3 CA1 SUB Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes)

  12. Hippocampal model • Relating hippocampal structure to episodic memory function • Mode shifting between storage and retrieval through novelty detection • Population dynamics

  13. Parahippocampal model • Relates parahippocampal structure to episodic memory function • Sensory integration • ‘Object’ & ‘Context’ input • Retrieval mechanisms • free recall • cued recall • recognition Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes)

  14. subiculum CA1 Dentate gyrus CA3

  15. Trisynaptic Circuit

  16. Circuit of Hippocampus Proper Fimbria fornix (to mammillary bodies)

  17. Hippocampus Cells Pyramidal Cells

  18. Place cells in hippocampus map out the environment

  19. Place cells respond as a function of external cues

  20. Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity • Short-term plasticities • Facilitation (paired pulse facilitation): 100-200 ms; increased Ca++  increased p(NT release) • Post-tetanic potentiation: 5-10 sec • Depression: hundreds of ms – few minutes; caused by repetitive stimulation causing a decrease in p(NT release).

  21. Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity (cont.) • Long-term plasticities • Short-term potentiation/depression • Long-term potentiation/depression LTP is a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy that can be rapidly induced

  22. Bliss and Lomo, 1973

  23. NMDA Receptor • “Detects” simultaneous events (“AND” gate) • Gated by combination of voltage and ligand • Glu + Gly opens channel to Ca ++, • Magnesium (Mg++) block removed by membrane depolarization • Mediates learning and memory via LTP (long term potentiation) • Involved in process of addiction; behavioral sensitization, and drug craving

  24. Learning Induced Changes in Dendrites

  25. Effects of Increased NMDA Receptors

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