‘GENDER LENS’ IN VALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS FOR DECENT WORK

1. ILO WEDGE Programme ??? ‘GENDER LENS’INVALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS FORDECENT WORK written by Linda Mayoux

2. ILO DECENT WORK AGENDA Improving social protection Employment creation OVERALL GOALof the global economy should be to provide opportunities for ALL PEOPLE to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity. Strengthening social dialogue Promoting fundamental rights at work FOUR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES: apply not only to the formal sector, but also to the informal sector where the majority of very poor women and men are working

3. WHY GENDER? Gender equality is of central concern to this Decent Work Agenda for ‘ALL PEOPLE’: • As a goal in and of itself as part of ILO commitment to women’s human rights as stated in international agreements, particularly 1979 Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) signed by the majority of ILO member governments and ILO’s organisational gender policy. • As an essential strategy for poverty reduction because of women’s higher representation amongst the poor and also women’s responsibility for children and family welfare. • As an essential strategy for economic growth and the need to eliminate current gender discrimination against women in economic growth policies. Unless gender discrimination is eliminated, economic growth will be substantially decreased.

4. PLANNING AND STRATEGIC LEARNING TOOL • ‘leverage points‘ and potential points of intervention • potential coherence in interventions at different levels • networking between people at different levels VCA FOR DECENT WORK PURPOSE? Eg increasing profits, upgrading or improving working conditions and worker incomes No ‘definitive map – depends on: • HEURISTIC AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK • Who is involved? Where? Why? • Who gets what? Why? • Power relations and chain governance • Institutions and contextual influences FOCUS? eg one particular enterprise, specific production process, whole industrial or commodity sector or specific target group?

5. 5. QUALITATIVERESEARCHWHY?barriers to entry, different interests and power relations and contextual factors which explain inequalities and/or inefficiencies/blockages in the chain. 1.SCOPINGWHAT?in relation to main purpose and intended beneficiaries STAGESIN VCA 6. ACTION LEARNINGWHAT TO DO?potential ‘leverage’ points and/or interventions for upgrading the chain as a whole and/or redistributing values in favour of those at the bottom. SUSTAINABLEACCOUNTABILITY 4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:HOW MANY WHO GET WHAT WHERE?the relative distribution of 'values ' at different points of the chain, numbers of people involved, proportions of ‘value’ going to different stakeholders. 3. FIRST MAPPINGWHERE? the supply, production, marketing and/or consumption chains : different markets/products, activities, types of productive unit, geographical location, stakeholders and roles at different levels. 2.STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS WHO? identify the different actors and interests at different points in the chain.

6. ‘GENDER LENS’:KEY CHALLENGES • Not easy • All pervasive • Different dimensions • Different levels • Interlinked • ‘Vicious circles’ • ‘Virtuous spirals’ BROAD FRAMEWORK

7. GENDER FRAMEWORK POLITICAL 'personal is political' individual autonomy and rights decision-making legal frameworks institutional rules policy and decision-making PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIAL confidence 'culture' independence kinship and family stereotypes control of sexuality and mobility unconscious reactions social responsibilities and support aspirations structures learning/'indoctrination' VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS ECONOMIC levels of income control over incomes rights to property and labour 'ownership' 'worker', production/ reproduction market/non-market VOICE POWER INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS COMMUNITY HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD INDIVIDUAL MARKET VULNERABILITY CAPABILITY

8. Participatory empowerment processand targeted support for women: • Power to: skills, resources • Power within: confidence, awareness and aspirations for change • Power with: organisation for change • Power over: involving men in this process of change GENDERGOALS EMPOWERMENT to make realisable and informed choices crosscutting inequalitiesbetween women: poverty, ethnicity, marital status, age, education, health status etc EQUITY of OUTCOMES ‘rich tapestry of life’ Personal difference and choice Enabling environment to eliminate ‘power over’ requires not only removing discrimination but mainstreaming: Intra-householdNon-market Informal processesParticipatory structures EQUALITY of opportunity, power and resources +

9. SCOPINGCHAIN UPGRADING:EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYmainstreaming women’s human rights 1) Where in the value chain are women located? Where are men located? Are these key growth areas? Areas which present a blockage to upgrading? 2) Why? Do women or men have the necessary skills for quality production? Access to/control over resources for investment? Networks? Motivation? Power? 3) In what ways do contextual gender inequalities affect accessto necessary skills and/or control over resources? Individual? Household? Market? National? International? Power, autonomy, vulnerability, voice? 4) Which would be the best ‘basket of interventions’ at different levels to increase women’s contribution to chain upgrading?

10. SCOPINGWOMEN’S RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT targeted affirmative strategy How can interventions at different levels of the value chain contribute to increasing gender equality? • Through developing new role models of successful women’s entrepreneurship? • Through increasing incomes and control over incomes of low paid women within the value chain? • Through strengthening women’s voice and bargaining power within households, enterprises and policy-making processes?

11. SCOPINGDECENT WORK AGENDA:EQUITY OF OUTCOMESeffective pro-poor development 1) Are women getting equal access to entrepreneurship and employment? 2) Do women and men get equal shares of the value at different points along the chain? 3) Are women or men excluded from the most profitable parts of the chain? 4) Why and what can be done? 5) What sorts of social protection might be needed? 6) How can women be equally involved in social dialogue?

12. SCOPINGCROSS-CUTTING CONCERNS 1)What gendered assumptions are being made? eg in definitions of ‘enterprise’, ‘ownership’, ‘worker’ and so on? 2) Are potentially ‘invisible’ women’s activities within households or in temporary work and putting out systems relevant and adequately addressed? 3) Are gendered power relations within and between enterprises relevant and addressed? 4) Are gender differences and inequalities within markets and at the consumer level relevant and adequately addressed? 5) Are gender implications of macro-level policies included in the scope of the investigation?

13. GENDER ISSUES IN METHODOLOGY • Does the research team have the appropriate gender balance to do the investigation? • Are women researchers available to discuss gender issues with women? Is it best for women or men researchers to discuss gender issues with men? • Do women and men have sufficient training in gender sensitive questioning? • What are the likely key areas of sensitivity which will need to be taken into account? Might this require a strategy for progressive introduction of particular questions? What sort of preparation might be needed? • At what stage might a separate or mixed sex participatory discussions be useful?

14. women who may be less visible – in ancillary activities, temporary work, putting out systems and homeworking STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS women who may be significant actors in ‘male-owned’ enterprises as eg managers, supervisors and unpaid workers (generally termed ‘helpers’) or home managers women involved in enterprises or trading activities which might be displaced by some types of upgrading strategies ‘Gender balance’ men in ‘female-owned’ enterprises differences and potential conflicts of interest not only between women and men, but also between women economic status age education marital status ethnicity health status men who are vulnerable to displacement by policies aiming to benefit women in value chains upgrading.

15. SUPPLIERS: PRODUCERSTRADERSPutting-out workers?Homeworkers? PRELIMINARY MAPWHO WHERE? MANAGEMENTsupervisors? INPUTS OWNERSHIPco-owners? LABOURTemporary?Ancillary?Homeworkers?Unpaid family? DESIGN PRODUCTIONPROCESS MARKETINGTRADERSMARKETS CONSUMPTION ‘Female markets’ ‘Female products’ Have all female stakeholders/activities been included? HOUSEHOLDMEMBERS

16. PRODUCERS HOUSEHOLDMEMBERSspin, warp, weft SPINNERSANCILLARY Factory Homeworkers TRADERS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: HOW MANY WHERE GET HOW MUCH? MANAGEMENT TRADERS WEAVERS (traditionalsector, Addis) OWNERSHIP DESIGN CONSUMPTION How many women/men? Arrow size, colour and visibility Who gets what share of value?Line size, style, colour Governance? visibility TRADERS

17. QUALITATIVEWHY? POLITICAL 'personal is political' individual autonomy and rights decision-making legal frameworks institutional rules policy and decision-making PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIAL confidence 'culture' independence kinship and family stereotypes control of sexuality and mobility unconscious reactions social responsibilities and support aspirations structures learning/'indoctrination' VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS ECONOMIC levels of income control over incomes rights to property and labour 'ownership' 'worker', production/ reproduction market/non-market VOICE POWER INTERNATIONAL Opportunities/ constraints on women’s/men’s access and control:Individual, Household, Community, Markets, Institutions, Macro-level NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS COMMUNITY HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD INDIVIDUAL MARKET VULNERABILITY CAPABILITY

18. INTRA-HOUSEHOLDINEQUALITY INSTITUTIONAL MARGINALISATION CAPITALfinancialexclusion VICIOUS CIRCLESINTERLINKEDMUTUALLY REINFORCING HOUSEHOLDMEMBERSspin, warp, weft powerless lack of confidence fatalism InactionWhere to start? TRADERS INCREASING MARKET ACCESSOF WOMEN WEAVERS TECHNOLOGY designed for men PROPERTYrights SKILLS DEPENDENCYNO AUTONOMY OWNERSHIP MARKETEXCLUSION DESIGN LABOUR unpaiddomestic work LEGISLATIONREGULATION TRADERS INFORMATION Discriminationlack of mobility NETWORKSlack of mobility ACCESS discriminationharassment

19. INTRA-HOUSEHOLDEQUALITY INSTITUTIONAL MAINSTREAMING Gendermainstreamingand affirmative action EQUALITY? EMPOWERMENT?EQUITY? FINANCE for production, assets, reduce vulnerability, labour saving technology VIRTUOUS SPIRALS:LEVERAGE POINTS Integrating gender awareness for men in all trainings INCREASING MARKET ACCESSOF WOMEN WEAVERS LABOURdomestic technology TECHNOLOGY designed for women MARKETINCLUSION SKILLS technical, design, managerial, business, negotiation, assertiveness OWNERSHIPProperty rightsredefinition and reaffirming women’s rights GENDER EQUITABLELEGISLATIONREGULATION INFORMATIONTRADE FAIRS NETWORKING

20. PARTICIPATORY TRAINING SUSTAINABLE ACCOUNTABILITY:PARTICIPATORY ACTION LEARNING SYSTEM PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH INFORMATIONNETWORKS

21. CIRCLES • value chain mapping • market mapping • institutional mapping

22. MARKET MAPS

23. Most empowered DIAMONDS Empowered Empowerment diamond Looks at whether most people consider themselves, or could be considered, powerful, how many people are very powerful or very powerless, what criteria are used and why. Household equality diamond Looks at concepts of household equality, where the most households are above or below this ideal, the criteria used and the numbers and characteristics of ideal households and very bad households. Less empowered Disempowered/powerless

24. Violence Diamond,ANANDI, India Peace and relief 6 women – all single, widowed or unmarried Violence happens everyday in form of – verbal abuse, fight over money, daily consumption of alcohol by everyday by men, minor beating fight over “meal not tasty” by husband, slapping etc. is something that they have to learn to live with. Woman being beaten up with stick and other sharp weapon, Bleeding, Cloths torn, and cloths ablaze, Liquor bottle in hand the man, kerosene bottle nearby , Bigamy by husband leading to feeling of loneliness/ humiliation/denial followed by physical abuse by husband, Father-in-law and brother -in-law abusing women Woman trying to hang herself- committing suicide Calling woman a witch(dakan) or "childless"(vanziyan) Marriage of 17-18 year old girl with boy barely 12-13yrs. Looks at different levels of violence: from ‘acceptable levels of violence’ to extreme, numbers of people and strategies. Extreme violence 5 women "Beating till you get wounded (bleeding) and you feel like committing suicide is extreme, unbearable violence"

25. CHALLENGE/SOLUTION TREE • Has one central challenge as the trunk • Has the causes/sub-challenges grouped, quantified and prioritised as roots • Potential solutions for causes as branches differentiated by things people themselves can do individually, what they can as a group • Necessary outside inputs as beneficial insects which they hope will come along, but which they cannot rely on • These are then tracked over time as ripe, unripe or withered fruits. • Along each branch can be a mini-road journey to set targets to reach the fruits or targets.

26. VISION JOURNEYS

27. ROAD JOURNEY/ STRATEGIC PLAN

28. QUESTIONS?