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Tools: Data Loggers for Movement and Vocalization

Tools: Data Loggers for Movement and Vocalization. Janeen L. Salak-Johnson, PhD University of Illinois Lecture: April 5, 2007. Why Animal Vocalization and Movement?. 4 “WHYs” in biology (Tinbergen, 1963) Survival value or function Causation Development Evolutionary history

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Tools: Data Loggers for Movement and Vocalization

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  1. Tools: Data Loggers for Movement and Vocalization Janeen L. Salak-Johnson, PhD University of Illinois Lecture: April 5, 2007

  2. Why Animal Vocalization and Movement? • 4 “WHYs” in biology (Tinbergen, 1963) • Survival value or function • Causation • Development • Evolutionary history • Why do starlings sing in the spring?

  3. Why Study Animal Locomotion? • Function • Move for variety of reasons • Causation • Brain • Development • Walk, foraging, social • Evolutionary history • Selection based on necessity or need

  4. How do we Study Locomotion? • Numerous ways • Primarily behavioral • Must be relevant • Question • Species • Situation (Lab vs. Field) • Environment (pen vs. behavioral apparatus) • Example • Time and energy budgets

  5. Simple Behavior Monitoring and Sources of Error Observer Error & Bias Error of apprehending Error of recording Observer Effect Computational Error Results

  6. Need More Information…. • Arboreal Primate • Support it prefers to move along • Height of the forest • Types of locomotion • Increase information, more specific • Complex methodology (i.e., distance/mo.) • Map of position at regular intervals (spatial position) • Tracking systems – fitted w/ data logging systems w/ GPS • Direct reflection of locomotor state of animal • Radio collars

  7. Why do Animals Vocalize? • Communication • Who? Says What? Which Channel? To Whom? With What Effect? • Lasswell’s, 1964 – Message Transmission Theory • Signaling • Echolation • Defensive reactions • Mating

  8. How do Animals Vocalization? • Sophisticated vocal system • Control -- brainstem centers • Input - higher sensory, emotional, & homeostatic regions • Sensory cortex, limbic system, and cingulate cortex • Mechanism of selection is not well understood • Intact midbrain is critical • Cats – hissing, howling, growling, meowing • Removed telencephalon & diencephalon • BUT midbrain – dramatically reduced

  9. Vocalization a Hallmark of Emotional Reactions? • Measure of welfare? • Emotional stress and psychological well being • Individual • Conspecifics • Emotional state = vocal pattern? • For example, • Confined rat – 22 kHZ cry • Rhesus macaques – emitting anticipatory “coos” • Wild-captured mongoose – “screams”

  10. Vocalization a Hallmark of Emotional Reactions? • Fear, elation, and anger are express via vocalization of these 3 species of captive animals • Is this enough to make this statement? • What if I told you… ? • What if I told you..? • What if I told you..?

  11. Vocalization a Hallmark of Emotional Reactions? • What information is absolutely necessary to be able to use vocalizations as a measure of well being? • Can vocalization by itself be used as an indicator? • Rodent’s cry • Monkey’s coos

  12. Tools: Measure Vocalization • Techniques of sound analysis • Discriminate • Analyze • Classify specific vocalizations • Records • Informatively rich • Relatively inexpensive • Digital or analog • Continuous or discrete time segments • Isolated individuals or group

  13. Tools: Measure Vocalization • Data analyzed in variety of ways (dependent upon information desired • Frequencies of occurrence • Patterns of amplitude and frequency (behavioral and environmental event) • Manteuffel et al., 2004. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 88:163-182 • Procedures used in farm animals bioacoustics • Extraction of information • Distinguish and characterize

  14. Tools: Measure Vocalization • Microphones, recording devices (human range) • Bat detectors • UltraVox (Noldus) • Measures ultrasonic • Low cost • Real time • Multiple animals • Software being developed (Delphi5)

  15. Data Loggers • Advantages • Benefits to science and animal welfare • Real time and precise location • Free ranging animals • Less labor, longer duration • Less disturbances by observer • Less observer error • Less variation among observers • More data points, more accurate, more reliable?

  16. Data Loggers - Disadvantages • Costly • Not always practical • Validation, Durability, Repeatability • Limitations • Information obtained • Species practicality • Physical impact of device (mass, shape, location) • Extra mass – physiological impact (body mass, energy cost) • Shape – inappropriate or incorrectly fitted • Location – balance

  17. Data Loggers - Disadvantages • Welfare implications • Attachment • Sutures or glues • Color of harnesses, devices and marker (social status or attract predator or prey) • Psychological – pain, suffering and distress • Capture and handling (wild animals) • Physiological impact (more wild than lab) – foraging, grooming • Limited monitoring and human intervention • Physiological • Energetics • Performance (diving or breeding)

  18. Contact logger collars • Tracking equipment • Activity • Mortality • Heart rate • Temperature • Sound • Proximity detector – detects when animals come w/in a defined distance of each other

  19. Actiwatch and ActicalMini Mitter® • Actiwatch – non-invasive • Track activity levels • High sensitivity to small movements • High intensity range • Track changes in activity patterns (i.e., sleep) • Determine circadian rhythms • Measure activity and circadian rhythms • Food, drugs, pain, health, well-being • Activity patterns relative to observe, thus correlate (time and duration)

  20. Data Loggers: Ethovision (Noldus) • http://www.noldus.com/site/content/files/shorttours/ethovision-xt.html • See short tour • Case studies

  21. Van Oort et al., 2004. Appl. Anim. Behav. 88:299-308 • Would it have been important to determine if collar’s interfered with behavior? • How could they have assessed? • How could they have controlled?

  22. Van Oort et al., 2004. Appl. Anim. Behav. 88:299-308 • Is determining active and inactive behavior enough? Why or Why not? • Can they use historical data to make the assumption that inactivity is lying and the rest is grazing? • How could they have better characterized these behavioral categories?

  23. Swain and Bishop-Hurley, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2007 • Does data support their conclusion? • “Contact logging devices have the potential to provide useful data on animal affiliations? • What other information would have enabled them to better quantify cow-calf interactions? • Page 9 -

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