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CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering

CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering. Green Fuels The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines Merkouris Gogos Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Department of Vehicles. Antwerp, October 2009.

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CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering

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  1. CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Green Fuels The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines Merkouris GogosTechnological Educational Institute of ThessalonikiDepartment of Vehicles Antwerp, October 2009

  2. Green Fuels: The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines • Biofuels - Introduction • Bioethanol production • Ethanol use in petrol fuelled vehicles • Ethanol use in Diesel fuelled vehicles • Study on the effects of ethanol CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  3. Green Fuels: The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines Biofuels CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  4. Why Green Fuels ? • Crude oil reserves are rapidly diminishing  Crude oil prices increase • Greenhouse effect enhancement due to human activity  GHG emissions  Deforestation CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  5. The final countdown Projected World Crude Oil Production CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  6. The end of cheap oil CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  7. Atmospheric CO2 increase For 10000 years the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was fixed at 280 ppm. World Resources Institute, 2007 Since the industrial revolution, CO2 increased by 36%. Between 2000 and 2007, atmospheric CO2 concentration grew by an average of 2 ppm per year. CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  8. The greenhouse effect CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  9. The enhanced greenhouse effect CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  10. The Carbon Cycle CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  11. Land-Use Change UNFCCC, 2008 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Brazil in CO2 equivalent CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  12. Green Fuels: The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines Bioethanol Production CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  13. Bioethanol Production Paths CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  14. Bioethanol Production Paths CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  15. Ethanol production process CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  16. Energy Balance of Ethanol 1/2 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  17. 1 Energy Balance of Ethanol 2/2 Macedo et al., 2004, USDA, 2001, 2002 & DTI 2003 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  18. Current Future Production cost (2006) Worldwatch Institute, 2006 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  19. 19% 28% 52% 78% 86% Bioethanol GHGemissions Reduction in GHG emissions compared to petrol The percent change in GHGs for corn ethanol can range from 54% decrease for a biomass-fired dry mill plant to a 4 % increase for a coal-fired wet mill plant(EPA, 2007) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Sugarcane ethanol U.S. DoE, 2007 Cellulosic ethanol Fuel Petrol Corn ethanol Energy used Fossil fuels Current Average Natural Gas Biomass Biomass Biomass CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  20. Bioethanol production 2007 F.O.Licht, 2008 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  21. Bio-fuels consumption in EU in 2007 Other Bioethanol Biodiesel EurObserv’ER, 2008 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  22. Bioethanol production in EU in 2008 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  23. 2003/30/EC Directive CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  24. Bioethanol production in Europe Strube-Dieckman, 2007 Feedstock shares CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  25. Green Fuels: The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines Ethanol use in petrol fuelled vehicles CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  26. Ethanol is not a new idea! 1826 Samuel Morey 1860 Nicholas Otto 1896 Henry Ford Quadricycle 1908 Ford Model T 1920s Petrol is the fuel of choice 1945 End of WWII 1973 Oil Crisis 1975 Brazil “Proalcohol” programme 2003 EU Directive 2003/30 promotes the use of Bio-Fuels CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  27. Properties Property Comment Vapour density Ethanol vapour, like petrol vapour, is denser than air and tends to settle in low areas. However, ethanol vapour disperses rapidly. Water Solubility Fuel ethanol will mix with water, but at high enough concentrations of water, ethanol will separate from petrol. Flame visibility The flame of ethanol/petrol blends is less bright than the flame of petrol flame but it is visible in the daylight. CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  28. Properties Property Comment Specific gravity Pure ethanol and ethanol/petrol blends are heavier than petrol. Toxicity Ethanol is less toxic than petrol or methanol. Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure ethanol; however, because petrol is used in the blend, E85 is considered potentially carcinogenic. CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  29. Ethanol properties effecting IC engines • oxygen content • octane rating • energy density (heating value) • water solubility • latent heat of vaporization • ratio of product gases to reactants • blending with petrol • volatility • flame temperature and laminar flame speed • materials compatibility CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  30. Oxygen content 1/2 Alcohols, unlike petroleum-based products, contain a significant amount of oxygen as a basic component in their molecular structure Ethanol C2H5OH CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  31. Oxygen content 2/2 • allows leaner fuel/air ratios • more complete combustion (less CO emissions) C2H5OH + 3 O2 3 H2O + 2 CO2 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  32. Octane rating 1/2 • Higher than petrolreduces engine knock • Allows higher compression ratesengine power increases CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  33. Base petrol octane rating Octane rating 2/2 Base petrol octane increase with ethanol blending CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  34. Ethanol Petrol Energy density 1/2 • lower energy density than petrol Ethanol: 26750 kJ/kg Petrol: 43000 kJ/kg contains about 35% less energy • fewer km per litre • need for larger fuel tanks or more frequent refuelling CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  35. Energy density 2/2 For blends with ethanol concentration up to 60% the energy losses (20%) can be compensated by engine improvements CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  36. Water solubility 1/4 • low molecular mass Ethanol 46.07 g Petrol 100-105 g Diesel 200 g approx. • 100% soluble in water • highly polar compound If a small amount of water is present in an ethanol/petrol blend, the phases of the liquids are separated C2H5OH CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  37. Water solubility 2/4 Phase separation in an underground tank Tanknology, Inc. Εργαστήριο Μ.Ε.Κ. ΙΙ Σίνδος, Νοέμβριος 2008

  38. Water solubility 3/4 Blend 30% Alcohol 65% Petrol 5% Water At temperatures below 20ºC phase separation is observed For smaller fractions of ethanol, much smaller quantities of water are required to cause phase separation CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  39. Water solubility 4/4 Less than a teaspoon (5ml) per litre 15 ºC CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  40. Implications of phase separation Phase separation of blends can lead to fuel line freezing or poor drivability. In flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), the presence of water in the fuel mixture can cause the optical fuel sensor to malfunction, which could lead to drivability problems. This problem can be effectively controlled by the use of chemical additives. CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  41. Latent heat of vaporization • much higher than petrol Ethanol: 842-930 kJ/kg Petrol: 330-400 kJ/kg • increases engine power • increases the efficiency of the engine • cold start problems CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  42. Ratio of product gases to reactants • higher than petrol H/C ratio Ethanol: 0.25w/w Petrol: ~0.15 w/w • ethanol produces a greater volume of gases per energy unit combusted • higher mean cylinder pressures • producesabout 7% more work (Bailey, 1996) CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  43. Blending with petrol Volume expansion for ethanol-petrol blends The output volume is greater than the sum of the volumes of the two liquids CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  44. Volatility Ethanol RVP=15-17 kPa Petrol: RVP=50-100 kPa Blends with low ethanol percentage have higher volatility than petrol! Environmental impacts Furey, 1985 Effect of ethanol concentration on Reid vapour pressure CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  45. Volatility of ethanol/petrol blends • High volatility values contribute to the formation of too much vapour which can cause a decrease in fuel flow to the engine • The symptoms can be loss of power or even the engine stopping CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  46. Flame temperature • slightly lower than petrol Ethanol: 1930 ºC Petrol: 1977 ºC • higher thermal efficiency (reduced heat losses from the engine) • lower NOx emissions CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  47. Laminar flame speed Brusstar & Bakenhus, 2005 The laminar flame speed of ethanol is higher than petrol for any Fuel-Air Equivalence ratio CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  48. Performance (of optimized ethanol engines) • Higher fuel and tank weight: 1% loss of the transport efficiency • Greater volume of combustion gas products: 7% gain compared with petrol, 1% compared with Diesel fuel • Higher octane rating: 6% to 10% gain against petrol no difference against Diesel. CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  49. Performance CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

  50. Performance Brake torque and brake power CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009

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