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Connecting to the Internet Through an ISP

Connecting to the Internet Through an ISP. CCNA Discovery 2– Chapter 4. Contents. 4.1 : The Internet and how we connect 4.2 : Communicating across the Internet 4.3 : Network Devices in the cloud 4.4 : Cables & Connectors 4.5 : Twisted Pair Cable. 4.1: The Internet & how we connect.

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Connecting to the Internet Through an ISP

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  1. Connecting to the Internet Through an ISP CCNA Discovery 2– Chapter 4

  2. Contents 4.1: The Internet and how we connect 4.2: Communicating across the Internet 4.3: Network Devices in the cloud 4.4: Cables & Connectors 4.5: Twisted Pair Cable

  3. 4.1: The Internet & how we connect

  4. What is the Internet • The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange information using common standards. • The Internet is a network of networks that connects users in every country in the world. • There are currently over one billion Internet users worldwide. • The Internet connects networks together through telephone wires, fiber optic cables, wireless transmissions and satellite links • The Internet is a conglomerate of networks and is owned by no one individual or group

  5. ISP • In order to connect to the Internet, you must use an Internet Service Provider (ISP). • An ISP is a company that provides the connections and support to access the Internet. • It can also provide additional services such as Email and web hosting. • ISPs are essential to gaining access to the Internet. • ISPs range in size from small to very large and differ in terms of the area they service. • ISPs also differ in the types of connection technologies and speeds they offer.

  6. ISP

  7. Connecting to the POP • Individual computers and local networks connect to the ISP at a Point of Presence (POP). • A POP is the connection point between the ISP's network and the particular geographical region that the POP is servicing. • Connecting to the ISP at the POP provides users with access to the ISP's services and the Internet. • An ISP may have many POPs depending on its size and the area it services. • Within an ISP, a network of high-speed routers and switches move data between the various POPs. • Multiple links interconnect the POPs to provide alternate routes for the data should one link fail or become overloaded with traffic and congested.

  8. Connecting ISPs • ISPs connect to other ISPs in order to send information beyond the boundaries of their own network. • The Internet is made up of very high-speed data links that interconnect ISP POPs and ISPs to each other. • These interconnections are part of the very large, high capacity network known as the Internet Backbone.

  9. ISPs Connecting

  10. Internet Backbone

  11. Connecting to an ISP • ISPs provide a variety of ways to connect to the Internet, depending on location and desired connection speed. • In a major city there are typically more choices for ISPs and more connection options than in a rural area. • Each Internet access technology uses a network access device, such as a modem, in order to connect to the ISP. • Network access devices can be built-into your computer or provided by the ISP • If multiple computers connect through a single ISP connection, you will need additional networking devices. • Devices like integrated routers provide a switch to connect multiple devices and a wireless access point

  12. Connection Types • A Modem over a Dial-up connection • Very slow connection (56 kbps) • A DSL Modem/Wireless Router Device over a DSL connection • High-speed digital connection over phone lines • A Cable Modem over Cable Internet • High-speed connection over the Cable T.V. network • A Satellite Dish over Wireless access • Medium-speed connection to satellite • A Cell Phone modem over a wireless cell account • Relatively slow access speed • A High speed access device over a Leased Line • High-speed digital connection over dedicated digital lines (T1)

  13. Choosing an Access Type • The choice of Internet access technologies depends on: • Availability • Cost • Access device used • Media used • Speed of the connection

  14. Connection Options

  15. ISP Services • Depending on the ISP and the connection technology, various services are available: • Virus scanning • Web hosting • File storage • Video on demand • The contract with the ISP determines the type and level of services that are available. • Most ISPs offer two different contract levels: • home service – cheaper, scaled-down services • business class service – more expensive, faster connection, more web space, more email addresses

  16. SLA • Business service from an ISP usually includes an agreement between the ISP and the customer specifying terms such as network availability and service response time. • These are known as Service Level Agreements (SLAs).

  17. ISP Service Levels

  18. Data Transfer • When data is transferred over the Internet, it is either uploaded or downloaded. • Downloading refers to information coming from the Internet to your computer • Uploading refers to information coming from your computer to the Internet. • There are 2 types of Data Transfer rates: • Asymmetric • Symmetric • ISPs usually offer both asymmetric and symmetric services.

  19. Asymmetric Connections • In an asymmetric connection, the download transfer rate is different from the upload transfer rate • Most commonly used for the home • Download speeds are faster than upload speeds • Necessary for users that download significantly more than upload • Most Internet users, especially those who use graphics or multimedia intensive web data, need lots of download bandwidth

  20. Symmetric Connections • In a symmetric connection the transfer rate is the same in both directions • Most commonly used for business or individuals hosting servers on the Internet. • Used when it is necessary to upload large amounts of traffic such as intensive graphics, multimedia, or video. • Can carry large amounts of data in both directions at equal rates.

  21. 4.2: Communicating across the Internet

  22. Internet Protocol (IP) • For hosts to communicate on the Internet, they must use Internet Protocol (IP) software • IP uses packets to carry data between networks – these packets are called IP packets • IP is one of the protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) • All protocols that operate on the Internet are defined in numbered standards documents called RFCs (Request for Comments).

  23. IP Addressing • Each IP packet must contain a valid source and destination IP address. • Without valid address information, packets sent will not reach the destination host. • Return packets will not make it back to the original source. • The IP protocol defines the structure of the source and destination IP addresses. • It specifies how these addresses are used in routing of packets from one host or network to another.

  24. IP Packet • An IP packet has a header at the beginning which contains the source and destination IP addresses. • It also contains control information that describes the packet to network devices, such as routers, that it passes through • The control information also helps control the behavior of the packet on the Internet • The IP packet is sometimes referred to as a datagram.

  25. The IP Packet

  26. Assigning IP Addresses • Every IP addresses on the Internet must be unique • There are organizations responsible for controlling the distribution of IP addresses so that there is no duplication • ISPs obtain blocks of IP addresses from a local, national or regional Internet registry (RIR) • It is the responsibly of the ISPs to manage these addresses and assign them to end users. • Computers in homes, small businesses and other organizations obtain their IP configuration from their ISP. • Typically, this configuration is obtained automatically when the user connects to the ISP for Internet access.

  27. Packet Size • Before being sent on the Internet, messages are divided into packets. • The size of an IP packet must be between 64 and 1500 bytes for Ethernet networks • A packet contains mostly user data • Downloading a single 1 MB song would require over 600 packets of 1500 bytes • Each individual packet must have a source and destination IP address in its header

  28. How ISPs handle Packets • When a packet is sent across the Internet, the ISP determines whether the packet is destined for a local service located on the ISP network, or a remote service located on a different network. • Every ISP has a control facility for their network, known as the Network Operations Center (NOC). • The NOC usually controls traffic flow and offers services such as email and web hosting. • The NOC may be located at one of the POPs or at a completely separate facility within the ISP network.

  29. Local Traffic • Packets looking for local services are usually forwarded to the NOC and never leave the ISP network. • Local traffic is limited to the ISP and it’s NOC

  30. Remote Traffic • Packets destined for remote services or remote networks need to be routed through the Internet • Routers in each of the ISP POPs use the destination address of the IP packets to choose the best path through the Internet. • The packets you send to the ISP POP are forwarded by routers through the ISP's network and then through the networks of other ISPs. • They pass from router to router until they reach their final destination.

  31. Remote Traffic • Remote traffic is routed through the internet

  32. Testing Network Connectivity • There are network utilities that can be used to test network connectivity to a destination device. • Ping • tests end to end network connectivity between 2 devices • Traceroute • traces the route from source to destination

  33. Ping • Ping is a utility that tests end-to-end connectivity between the source and destination. • It measures the time that it takes test packets to make a round trip from the source to the destination and whether the transmission is successful. • If the packet does not reach the destination, or if delays are encountered along the way, there is no way to determine where the problem is located. • A Ping is a pass or fail test • A default ping sends 4 – 32 byte echo request/ echo reply messages

  34. Successful Ping TTL = Time to Live Value for each packet

  35. Ping Options • There are many options available for the ping utility

  36. Traceroute • The traceroute utility traces the route from the source to destination. • Each router through which the packets travel is referred to as a hop. • Traceroute displays each hop along the way and the time it takes for each one. • If a problem occurs, the display of the time and the route that the packet traveled can help to determine where the packet was lost or delayed. • The traceroute utility is called tracert in the Windows environment.

  37. Traceroute

  38. Visual Traceroute

  39. 4.3: The Internet Cloud

  40. Why the Cloud? • When packets travel across the Internet, they pass through many network devices • The Internet can be thought of as a network of routers, interconnected with one another. • Very often, there are alternate routes between routers, and packets may take different paths between source and destination. • If there is a problem with traffic flow at any point in the network; packets automatically take an alternate route. • A diagram that shows all network devices and their interconnections would be very complex. • Also, the final routing path between source and destination is not usually important, only that the source is able to communicate with the destination. • Therefore, in network diagrams a cloud is often used to represent the Internet or any other complex network, without showing the details of the connections. • The cloud allows for simple diagrams that focus on source and destination only, even though there may be many devices linked in-between.

  41. Devices in the Cloud • Devices at the ISP include : • Devices to connect to ISP services and the NOC • High speed routers and switches • Devices to connect to other ISPs • High speed routers and switches • Devices to connect to end users • DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM • Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) • Modems • Wireless bridges

  42. End-User Devices • The ISP must be able to accept and deliver information to the end-user as well as participate in the Internet. • Devices that provide connectivity to end-users must match the technology used by the end-user to connect to the ISP. • End-User Devices vary depending on the type of connections and services offered • End-user devices include: • DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) • to accept connections from DSL modems • Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) • to accept connections from cable modems • Modems • to accept analog calls through modems • Wireless Bridges • to accept wireless connections

  43. ISP Devices

  44. ISP Connection Devices • The ISP must also be able to connect with and transfer data with other ISPs. • High-end, high-speed routers and switches with redundancy are used to make these connections • The type of equipment will vary depending on the technology of the networks in which it is participating. • These devices handle extremely large volumes of traffic very quickly. • These are very high-end devices which are completely different than those found in a home or small business • They must function at near 100% uptime since the failure of a key piece of equipment at an ISP can have disastrous effects on network traffic.

  45. ISP Devices

  46. Home Networking Devices • Network devices used in the home or small business environment are lower-end, lower-speed devices • They are not capable of handling large volumes of traffic • Integrated routers (multifunction network devices) can perform several functions, including: • Wireless LAN access point • Switching • Routing • firewalls • IP addressing functions

  47. Home Network Devices

  48. Network Installation Requirements • The network installation located at an ISP versus a home/small business are very different. • The 3 Factors that need to be considered when setting up a network of any size are: • Power supply • Environmental conditions • Cable management

  49. Home vs. Enterprise Networks • Home or Small business Network: • Provides a limited number of services for relatively few users • Internet connectivity is purchased from an ISP • Volume of traffic is small • No transport services are provided • Enterprise Network: • Provides transport and other services to a large number of users • A variety of devices are required to accept input from end users • Devices are needed to connect to other ISPs • Volume of traffic is vary large • Very reliable equipment is required

  50. Reliable Environment • Even though these two networks appear very different, they both require an environment where the equipment can function reliably and without interruption. • The requirements are the same, but the scale of operation is different: • at home, a single power outlet will suffice • at an ISP the power requirements need to be planned out ahead of time and installed

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