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Gustavo Jorge Goni* and Molly Baringer *Gustavo.Goni@noaa

Gustavo Jorge Goni* and Molly Baringer *Gustavo.Goni@noaa.gov National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL NOAA Climate System Review September, 2008. Goals and status of XBT network. “operational” sustained.

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Gustavo Jorge Goni* and Molly Baringer *Gustavo.Goni@noaa

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  1. Gustavo Jorge Goni* and Molly Baringer *Gustavo.Goni@noaa.gov National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL NOAA Climate System Review September, 2008 Goals and status of XBT network

  2. “operational” sustained Ocean observing system Approximately 60% complete 60 % complete May 2008 Total in situ networks 57% 100% 40% 82% 92% 43% 72% 21% 48%

  3. SHIP OF OPPORTUNITY Program (SOOP) 70+ SOOP ships ocean obs 900+ SOOP and VOS ships met bulletins

  4. SOOP XBT deployments • High density (HD) mode: • 1 XBT deployment every 25 km • 4 transects per year • Frequently repeated (FR) mode: • 6 XBT deployments per day (1 every 80 km) • 18 transects per year • Low density (LD) mode: • 4 XBT deployments per day (1 every 120 km) • 12 transects per year • Being replaced by Argo observations

  5. XBT transects Report on XBT network, OceanObs99: Neville Smith, D. Harrison, R. Bailey, O. Alves, T. Delcroix, K. Hanawa, R. Keeley, G. Meyers, R. Molinari, and D. Roemmich Originally designed to investigate ENSO, SI variability Science uses (Mostly HD transects) Eddy resolving, Identification of surface, subsurface currents, compute their mass transports Meridional heat transport Strength of gyres Validation of models Water mass formation Heat budget Operational uses: Data assimilation into models validation of models

  6. SOOP FR XBT OceanObs99 recommendations Adapted from: Neville Smith, D. Harrison, R. Bailey, O. Alves, T. Delcroix, K. Hanawa, R. Keeley, G. Meyers, R. Molinari, D. Roemmich 25 recommended transects The individual CLIVAR panels also provide recommendations, in addition to other regional, national and international recommendations.

  7. SOOP HD XBT OceanObs99 recommendations Adapted from: Neville Smith, D. Harrison, R. Bailey, O. Alves, T. Delcroix, K. Hanawa, R. Keeley, G. Meyers, R. Molinari, D. Roemmich 24 recommended transects The individual CLIVAR panels also provide recommendations, in addition to other regional, national and international recommendations.

  8. 2004 2006 XBT and Argo observations 2000-2007 (spatial distribution) 2001 2002 2000 2003 2005 2007

  9. XBT and Argo observations 2000-2007 (temporal distribution) (*) Includes additional 4k XBTs per year that are not transmitted into the GTS

  10. XBT deployments 2006 ~22,000 deployments 40% Atlantic 50% Pacific 10% Indian ~20 transects done but not recommended ~11 transects recommended but not done 2007 ~28,000 deployments

  11. AX07 – long period signals Courtesy of R. Molinari

  12. NEUC SECC NECC SEUC sSEC NEC nSEC cSEC AX08 – zonal currents in the TA Goni and Baringer, 2002

  13. Heat transport from HRX data From ECCO Storage A-S flux The FR-XBT Network and Ocean Data Assimilation Modeling HRX line PX37/10/44 now has >16 years of quarterly sampling. Time-varying heat budget for the region north of HRX line PX37/10/44. (Figs from Douglass, Roemmich and Stammer, 2008, submitted to DSR).

  14. 10 years Meridional heat advection AX07 (zonal NA) AX18 (zonal SA)

  15. AX32 The Oleander Project Continuous and simultaneous observations URI NOAA/NMFS, NOAA/AOML SUNY • 2 transects per week; 51 weeks per year • Water sampling • CPR since 1975 • XBTs since 1981 • TSG since 1992 • ADCP since 1993 • pCO2 since 2006

  16. 1999-2005 ISSUES Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea

  17. ISSUES: HWRF and HYCOM

  18. ISSUES Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea

  19. A new challenge: XBT Fall rate equation Climatological isotherm depth estimates for the period 2000–2007 show positive differences between the XBT and Argo datasets that are statistically significant to 67%. Recently published manuscripts Report of workshop in October Web page by Tim Boyer (NODC)

  20. Challenges Is there a need for a re-evaluation of the XBT network and/or the observing system for upper ocean thermal studies ? • Some recommended transects are not being implemented (HD PX50). • Some recommended transect that are being implemented were not recommended (AX32-Oleander, HD AX98, LD/HD AX02). • There may be need to carry new transects (high latitude in NA). • There may be need to remove some transects (PX08). • Evaluate if some transects need to be sampled deeper than 800m.

  21. Challenges • Identification of all operational users (NCEP, US Navy’s MODAS, weather and climate model initialization...). • Identification of all scientific uses (data analysis, …) • Real-time transmission issues (Not all the data are transmitted in real-time into the GTS) • Can Argo floats alone provide adequate monitoring of the observing system for upper ocean heat storage ? If not, how can XBT and other platforms help ? • After 10 years of Argo, can we now evaluate if profiling float observation can reproduce XBT LD signals? May be it is too early to do this.

  22. Challenges • Evaluate if some transects need to be sampled with XCTD instead of XBTs. • There may not acceptable/sufficient scientific justification for some of the FRX transects. • Are current ocean models adequate to carry an evaluation of the system ? (OSSES) • BUFR and metadata. • XBT fall rate (work shop, manuscripts, data base). • Cost issues: ~$80 per XBT (~$35 when NOAA buys them) and $15 per transmission using Inmarsat (~$1.20 using Iridium, transition is currently is test phase).

  23. Drifter and Argo deployments www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/argo/opr

  24. Web pages www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/hdenxbt/high_density_home.html http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/goos/ldenxbt/index.php http://www.hrx.ucsd.edu/

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