Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 Introduction to Sequential Logic

2. Sequential Circuit • A digital circuit whose output depends not only on the present combination of input, but also on the history of the circuit.

3. Sequential Circuit Elements • Two basic types: • Latch • Flip-flop • The difference is the condition under which the stored bit changes.

4. Sequential Circuit Inputs • The LATCH is a sequential circuit with two inputs (SET and RESET). • SET – an input that makes the device store a logic 1. • RESET – an input that makes the device store a logic 0.

5. Sequential Circuit Outputs • Two complementary outputs • Outputs are always in opposite logic states.

6. Sequential Circuit Outputs

7. Sequential Circuit States

8. Active HIGH or LOW Inputs • Latches can have either active HIGH or active LOW inputs. • The output of the LATCH, regardless of the input active level, is still defined as:

9. Active HIGH or LOW Inputs

10. Function 0 0 1 1 Forbidden 0 1 1 0 SET 1 0 0 1 RESET 1 1 No Change NAND Latch Function Table

11. Function Table Notation • Qt indicates the present state of the Q input. • Qt +1 indicates the value of Q after the specified input is applied.

12. NAND Latch Operation • Two possible stable states: • SET • RESET • Feedback keeps the latch in a stable condition.

13. NOR Latch Function Table

14. NOR Latch Function Table

15. Block Diagram File NAND Latch • Gate components are called BOR2: • Bubbled-OR, 2-inputs • Inputs are labeled nS and nR. • Outputs are labeled Q and nQ. • In Quartus, the n prefix takes the place of the logic inversion bar.

16. Block Diagram File NAND Latch

17. Practical Synthesis of theNAND Latch • Quartus II does not synthesize the LATCH exactly as shown in Figure 8.15 on the previous slide. • Quartus II analyzes the Boolean equation of the original LATCH and reformats the circuit to fit the target device.

18. Quartus II NAND Latch Equations

19. Quartus II NAND Latch Equations

20. Switch Bounce • The condition where the closure of a switch contact results in a mechanical bounce before the final contact is made. • In logic circuits, switch bounce causes several pulses when a switch is closed. • Can cause circuit to behave unpredictably.

21. Switch Bounce

22. Switch Debounce Circuit • Uses a NAND latch with switch contacts connected to +5 volts. • Bounce is ignored since that condition results in inputs of: • A no-change condition

23. Switch Debounce Circuit

24. Gated SR Latch • The time when a latch is allowed to change state is regulated. • Change of state is regulated by a control signal called ENABLE. • Circuit is a NAND latch controlled by steering gates.

25. Gated SR Latch

26. Latch ENABLE Input • Used in two principal ways: • As an ON/OFF signal • As a synchronizing signal

27. Gated SR Latch Function Table

28. Gated D or Transparent Latch • A latch whose output follows its data input when its ENABLE input is active. • When ENABLE is inactive, the latch stores the data that was present when ENABLE was last active.

29. Gated D or Transparent Latch

30. Gated D Latch Function Table

31. D Latches in Quartus II • Can be implemented as a primitive in a Block Diagram file (.bdf). • Can be implemented with a behavioral or structural description in a VHDL file.

32. D Latches in Quartus II

33. D Latches in Quartus II

34. VHDL Process Statement • PROCESS statement is concurrent. • Statements inside the PROCESS are sequential.

35. -- d_latch_vhdl.vhd -- D latch with active-HIGH level-sensitive enable ENTITY d_latch_vhdl IS PORT( d, ena : IN BIT; q : OUT BIT); END d_latch_vhdl; VHDL – D Latch – 1

36. ARCHITECTURE a OF d_latch_vhdl IS BEGIN PROCESS ( d, ena) BEGIN IF ( ena = ‘1’) THEN q <= d; END IF; END PROCESS; END a; VHDL – D Latch – 2

37. Instantiating a Latch Primitive • Primitive is contained in the Altera library, in a package called maxplus2. • Component declaration in maxplus2 package. • Unnecessary to declare it in the file used.

38. -- latch_primitive.vhd -- D latch with active-HIGH level-sensitive enable LIBRARY ieee; USE ieee.std_logic_1164.ALL; LIBRARY altera; USE altera.maxplus2.ALL; VHDL – Latch Primitive – 1

39. ENTITY latch_primitive IS PORT( d_in, enable : IN STD_LOGIC; q_out : OUT STD_LOGIC); END latch_primitive; VHDL – Latch Primitive – 2

40. ARCHITECTURE a OF latch_primitive IS BEGIN -- Instantiate a latch from a QUARTUS II primitive latch_primitive: latch PORT MAP (d => d_in, ena => enable, q => q_out); END a; VHDL – Latch Primitive – 3

41. Multibit Latches in VHDL • VHDL can be used to implement latches with multiple D inputs and Q outputs and a common ENABLE line. • Use behavioral description with STD_LOGIC_VECTOR types. • Use primitives – predefined components. • Use component from Library of Parameterized Modules (LPM).

42. -- latch4_behavioral.vhd -- D latch with active-HIGH level-sensitive enable -- uses a latch component from the -- Library of Parameterized Modules (LPM) LIBRARY ieee; USE ieee.std_logic_1164.ALL; --required for STD_LOGIC types LIBRARY lpm; USE lpm.lpm_components.ALL; -- Required for LPM components VHDL – Latch LPM Component – 1

43. ENTITY latch4_lpm IS PORT(d_in : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0); enable : IN STD_LOGIC; q_out : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0)); END latch4_lpm; VHDL – Latch LPM Component – 2

44. ARCHITECTURE a OF latch4_lpm IS BEGIN -- instantiate latch from an LPM component latch4 : lpm_latch GENERIC MAP (LPM_WIDTH => 4) PORT MAP ( data => d_in, gate => enable, q => q_out); END a; VHDL – Latch LPM Component – 3

45. VHDL – Latch LPM Component – 4

46. Flip-Flop Definition • A gated latch with a clock input. • The sequential circuit output changes when its CLOCK input detects an edge. • Edge-sensitive instead of level-sensitive.

47. CLOCK Definitions • Positive edge: • The transition from logic ‘0’ to logic ‘1’ • Negative edge: • The transition from logic ‘1’ to logic ‘0’ • Symbol is a triangle on the CLK (clock) input of a flip-flop.

48. CLOCK Definitions

49. CLOCK Definitions

50. Positive Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop Function Table