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Liquid Fuels

Liquid Fuels. Crude Oil. Found in rock formations that were ocean floors. Organic matter from seas became trapped by sediments at ocean floor. Cracking of the molecules and elimination of oxygen turned organic matter into petroleum. Crude Oil.

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Liquid Fuels

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  1. Liquid Fuels

  2. Crude Oil • Found in rock formations that were ocean floors. • Organic matter from seas became trapped by sediments at ocean floor. • Cracking of the molecules and elimination of oxygen turned organic matter into petroleum.

  3. Crude Oil • Petroleum is made of 86% carbon and 14% hydrogen. • Hydrocarbon molecules are accompanied by dirt, water, sulfur and other impurities. • Crude oil must be refined to produce suitable engine fuels.

  4. Fig. 5.1: Molecular Structures of Some Hydrocarbon Fuel Families

  5. Fuel Properties • Standards Organizations • SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers • ASTM – American Society for the Testing of Materials • API – American Petroleum Institute

  6. Specific Gravity • A measure of the density of liquid fuels at 15.6 C as compared with water at the same temperature. • API devised the following scale, • where SG is the specific gravity. • A hydrometer, calibrated in APIo, is used to measure the specific gravity.

  7. Fuel hydrometer.

  8. Ideal Combustion • All of the H in fuel is converted to H20. • All of the C in fuel is converted to CO2. • Air is 21% O and 79% N by volume.

  9. Combustion of Gasoline

  10. Stoichiometric Air/Fuel Mixture • For gasoline…

  11. Table 5.2: Representative Fuel Molecules

  12. Diesel Air/Fuel Ratios • Stoichiometric air/fuel mixture for CI engines 14.9:1. • However, most CI engines are operated with a leaner air/fuel ratios and therefore free oxygen is often found in the exhaust.

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