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FOREIGN AID, NGOS & CONFLICTS “AFRICAN” PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION

FOREIGN AID, NGOS & CONFLICTS “AFRICAN” PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION. TIKAR HUNTERS, CAMEROON. Andre DeGeorges & Brian Reilly Department of Nature Conservation Tshwane University of Technology. TRADITIONAL “COMMON PROPERTY” NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. CHIEFS & ELDERS HUNTING GUILDS

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FOREIGN AID, NGOS & CONFLICTS “AFRICAN” PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION

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  1. FOREIGN AID, NGOS & CONFLICTS • “AFRICAN” PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION TIKAR HUNTERS, CAMEROON Andre DeGeorges & Brian Reilly Department of Nature Conservation Tshwane University of Technology

  2. TRADITIONAL “COMMON PROPERTY” NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT • CHIEFS & ELDERS • HUNTING GUILDS • TERRITORIAL • MOBILITY • TABOOS • TOTEMS BAKA PYGMIES, CAMEROON

  3. COLONIALISM Modern Weaponry Wildlife As A Tool Of Conquest Skin, Meat, Ivory, Horn Trade Result: By Late 1800s Major Decline In Wildlife Across Sub-Continent

  4. MAASAI MORAN TANZANIA By End of Colonialism 1940S/50S Accelerated Efforts To Create Parks, Game Reserves & Hunting Blocks Compression Into Ecologically & Economically Unsustainable Areas Cultural/Eco-Genocide Pygmies, Bushmen, Maasai, Ik, Bassari, Wata, Etc. Loss of Traditional Controls Creating OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES Benefitting GLOBAL ELITE - Eco-Tourists, Safari Hunters, Safari/Tour Operators, African Governments, Western NGOs & Their Researchers

  5. By 1990: Africa >1 Million Km2 Of Land In National Parks & Game Reserves Poor Record Of Protecting Wildlife Mid-Level Estimate: 14 Million Displaced Persons From Creation Of African Parks & Protected Areas Mostly In Last 30-40 Years NGOs Attempt “Conservation & Development” – Preservation in Protected Areas & On The Farm Failed “Integrated Rural Development “ In Peripheral Areas IUCN GOAL OF 10% OF LAND IN PROTECTED AREASIn Africa Often Run Through BINGOS (Big International NGOs) with Western Donor SupportLIKE COLONIAL TRADING COMPANIES (e.g. CFAO) Percentage Protected Area of Total Territory (terrestrial and marine) Representative Sub-Saharan Countries, 2008

  6. MASS MIGRATION INTO URBAN SLUMS • Failure to Develop Urban Middle Class • Too Many Stuck In Subsistence Lifestyles in Rural Africa • Exacerbated By Economies/Politics Manipulated To Provide Cheap Natural Resources To The West & Now China • Linked To General Donor Dependency & IMF/WB Structural Adjustment (SAPs) Policies Resulting in Spiraling Debt, Poor Education & Health Care

  7. POLITICS OF DESPAIRFINDING NO FUTURE IN URBAN SLUMSIMPOVERISHED MASSES FLOOD BACK INTO RURAL AREAS DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES TO SURVIVE – RESOURCE MINING Unmanaged Pit Sawing Unmanaged Charcoal Production Poaching

  8. Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Pioneer Program Mid-to-late 1970s Zimbabwe’s Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) Primarily Upon Revenue From Overseas Trophy Hunting Outside Park Estate Attempt to Get Community Buy-In To Western Conservation Paradigm

  9. CBNRM AFRICANS LITTLE SAY OVER HOW THEY INTERACT WITH WILDLIFE PROJECTIZED HIJACKED DONOR DRIVEN/DEPENDENT WESTERN DESIGNED & IMPOSED CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources) Designed By Zimbabweans High Jacked By USAID • ADMADE • “Administrative • Management Design • For Game • Management Areas,” • Funded By USAID • Through WCS Selous Program GTZ & Tanzania Govt. • NRMP – Botswana • “Natural Resources • Management Program,” • Funded by USAID • through a consulting • firm, CHEMONICS Gestion Des Terroirs Burkina Faso World Bank Govt. & Community LIFE Namibia: Living In A Finite Environment USAID Funds Through WWF/USA

  10. GROSS VALUE 1999 SAFARI INDUSTRY EAST & SOUTHERN AFRICA 5-7 Times Knock On Value To Economy • RSA • Gross of US$ 38,395-39 million overseas trophy hunting in 1999. • US$ 140-464 million gross from trophy hunting, taxidermy, live • sales, biltong hunting & • venison market s • NAMBIA • $>US 27 Million Overseas Trophy • >$US 42 Million trophy, biltong, venison, live sales BOTSWANA Gross US$ 12.5–20 million from trophy hunting Tanzania Grosses of from US$ 27–39 million/year ZIMBABWE Gross US$ 18.6-22.3 million, pre-2000 (land reform significantly reduced this income after 2000) ZAMBIA $US 12 Million in 1999

  11. TYPICAL SAFARI COMPANY REVENUE STREAMSWengert-Windrose Safari, Tanzania Rates in 2002 proposal Uganda Wildlife Authority TOTAL VALUE, DAILY RATE ($US) 20 Buffalo 7-day hunts @ $US 1,100/day 154,000 5 21-Day Hunts @ $US 1,200/day 126,000 10 12-Day Mixed Bag Hunts, @ $US 1,200/day 144,000 200 Days non-Hunters @ $US 200/day 40,000 Total Daily Rate Value 464,000 Grand Total, Trophy Fees + Daily Rate 751,652 Other Charges To Client (Gun Licenses Dipping/Packing, Transport 66,750 GRAND TOTAL FROM HUNTING CLIENTS 818,402 NET/GROSS REVENUE DIST. COMMUNITY- OWNED Govt: $US 71,750, 14% Net (9% Gross) (Minus Trophy Fees) Community: $US 443,528, 86% Net (54% of GrossAfter Salaries + Operational & Marketing Expenses) NET/GROSS REVENUE DIST. SAFARI-OWNED MIDDLEMAN 1. Govt: $US 209,750 39 % Net Profits (25.6 Gross) 2. Safari Comp: $US 257,586, 47% Net Profits (32% Gross)After Paying Salary + Operational & Marketing 3. Community: $US 77,942 14% Net Profits (9.5%, 5.9% of Grossif Salaries Discounted) PROBLEM MARKETING & BUSINESS !!!!SKILLS!!!

  12. % Gross Turnover To Community Ideally With Middleman: • 33%of the Gross Turnover (Income to Community/Gross Income) from Hunting • 10%of the Gross Turnover from Tourism • ACTUAL GROSS TURNOVER TO COMMUNITIES In CBNRM

  13. INCOME AS MEASURED TO THEORETICAL HOUSEHOLD LOW RESOURCE/POPULATION CAMPFIRE 1989-1999, $US 18.60 Gross/Household/Yr 95,000 Households Cullman/Hurt, Tanzania 1990s $US 14.50 – 120 Gross/ Household/Yr ADMADE 1991 $US 17 Gross/Household/Yr 1,000-1,500 Households LIRDP 1990s US$22-37 Gross/Household/Yr, 10,000 People Tchuma Tchato, Mozambique, $US 5.90-9.39 Gross /Household/Yr 1,863 Households Botswana Trust $US 750 – 1,200/ Household/Year LIFE Nyae Nyae US$ 79 Gross/Household/Yr 1998 to 2002, US$ 196 Gross/Household/Yr 2003, 400 Households Selous $US 20.60 Gross/Household/Yr $US 15.84–16.13 Actual/Yr 16,500 Households REALITY Most Benefits Not Household – Common Property- Schools, Clinics Boreholes, etc. Does Not Significantly Impact Livelihoods Or Change Attitudes Towards Wildlife & Western Cons. Even If Increase 10x

  14. ROBINHOODS OF AFRICA ELEPHANT “POACHERS” LUANGWE VALLEY ZAMBIA Disenfranchises Local Private Sector: Traditional Hunters, Fishers, Sawyers, Charcoal Makers, etc.

  15. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S BIGGEST PROBLEMHUMAN POPULATION INCREASES >2X NEXT 40 YEARS By 2025,Median Age In Developed Countries Will Be 32, While In Developing Countries It Will Be 15 HUMAN POPULATION INCREASE SSA 96 Million In 1900 622 Million In 2000, 1.5-1.8 Billion By 2050 TOO MANY PEOPLE STUCK IN SUBISTENCE LIFESTYLES Across Africa Sub-Continent Decreasing Fallow, Encroachment On Wildlife Habitat, Including Parks

  16. WAY FORWARDCONSERVATION BY THE PEOPLE LAND & RESOURCE TENURE At The Heart Of The Matter – “OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES” BACK TO “COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES” As In USA & Europe: Intangible Benefits (Cultural Ties, Ownership Over Land & Resource Access)- Often Ignored By African Governments, Western Donors & NGOs. Chasse Libre, Tkar Hunters, Village of Kong, Cameroon

  17. MULTIPLE RESOURCE MODEL IUCN Protected Area Management CATEGORY VI: Managed Resource Protected Area • Sustainably Manage Conservation Areas as “Green Factories” – LAND USE PLAN: • Wildlife (Trophy Hunting, Controlled Harvest Of Bush Meat, Skins), • Cultural & Ecotourism, • Tropical Hardwoods Using Appropriate Technologies, • Strategic Minerals, Central/Southern Africa, Encompassing The DRC, Zambia, Zimbabwe And South Africa, The “Persian Gulf Of Strategic Minerals” • Oil, • Fisheries, Other Wild Medicines & Foods

  18. Need For Industrialization & Transformation of Resources on the Subcontinent“BENEFICIATION” • Trade Not Aid (Health/Education) – Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) • Salaries Based Upon Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Creating Urbanized Middleclass • Appropriate Environmental Controls Biltong/Jerky RSA Largest Commercial Bushmeat Trade in SSA

  19. IN CONCLUSION KEY CATALYSTS TO IMPROVING CBNRM As one pit sawyer in Bwindi Forest, Uganda said: “Your schools, clinics and roads are well and good (from gorilla tourism), but they don't fill empty bellies or pay school fees – The Forest Provides Our Livelihood” We want access to the forest” • More Protected Areas In MULTIPLE RESOURCE MODEL of IUCN CATEGORY VI Managed Areas As GREEN FACTORIES • Help Communities Capture More Of The Income From Trophy Hunting /Tourism & Other Resources To Increase Household Wealth • Use Community Income To Send Youth Off For Tertiary Education, To Compete In A Global Economy & To Manage These Natural Areas • Beneficiation In Country Of Origin As Means Of Creating Urbanized Middleclass Taking Pressure Off Rural Resource Base • Trade Not Aid • Wealth Must Be Ploughed Back Into Development Of Region & Country • STOP IMPOSING WESTERN URBAN VALUES ON RURAL AFRICAN

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