SYNCHRONIC VARIATIONS MAY BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY DIACHRONIC CHANGES

1. SYNCHRONIC VARIATIONS MAY BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY DIACHRONIC CHANGES Zhongde Zhao

2. wife /waɪf/ house /haʊs/ • seen /siːn/ spoon /spuːn/ • break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ • name /neɪm/

3. The Great Vowel Shift • Words ME MoE • mice miːs → maɪs • mouse muːs → maʊs • geese ɡeːs → ɡiːs • goose ɡoːs → ɡuːs • break brɛːken → breːk • broke brɔːken → broːk

4. English German Danish Swedish • house haʊs huːʔs huːs • mouse maʊs muːʔs muːs • louse laʊs luːʔs luːs • out aʊt uːʔð uːt • brown braʊn bruːʔn bruːn

5. Fusional Assimilation(Coalescence) • Latin Spanish English • ɑidifikium edifisioedifice • ɑikwalem egualequal • kɑusa kosa objects • pɑupere pobrepoor

6. foot pedal, pedestrian, peddler • father pater, paternal • foal pony • fish • fisherman pisciculture, piscator • fowl poultry

7. The First Consonant ShiftGrimm’s Law • voiceless stops /p t k/ > voiceless fricatives /f θ x (h)/ • voiced stops /b d ɡ/ > voiceless stops /p t k/ • voiced aspirated stops /bh dhɡh/ > voiced stops /b d ɡ/

8. Indo-European Germanic (English) • bhrāter brother • bhlē blow • dheiɡh- dough • dhwer- door • ɡhed- get • ɡhaido- goat • abel- apple • dwō two • dekm ten • ɡenə- kin • ɡwen- queen • pūr- fire • pel- fell (animal hide) • treyes three • ters- thirst • kerd- heart • kel- hall, hell

9. /m/: 每、梅、莓、霉、酶 • /h/ : 海、悔、晦、诲 • 杨各庄、李格庄、马戈庄、赵哥庄 • 杨家庄、李家庄

10. “房” 厦门话 [pɔŋ]或[paŋ] 福州话 [puŋ] • “陈” 厦门话 [tin] 福州话 [tiŋ] • “奸” 上海话 [ke] 广州话、长沙话、南昌话 [kan]

11. Chinese Korean Japanese • 婦fu pu pu • 負fu pu pu • 分fən pun pu • 罰fa pol patu • 閥fa pol patu • 伐fa pol patu • 佛fo pul putu

12. Chinese Korean Japanese • 凡fan pom pon • 煩 fan pon pon • 犯 fan pom pon • 房 faŋ paŋ pou • 肪 faŋ paŋ pou • 防 faŋ paŋ pou • 妨 faŋ paŋ pou • 茯fu pok pulu

13. 普 [ɸu] • 怖 [ɸu] • 被 [hi] • 彼 [hi] • 裴 [hai] • 捧 [hou]

14. Thank you very much for your attention!