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Topic 1 - Systems

Topic 1 - Systems. IB Topics 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3. Systems. A system is an assemblage of parts and the relationships between them that constitute a whole. Examples:. System Types. Open Both matter and energy are exchanged across the boundaries of the system. System Types. Closed

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Topic 1 - Systems

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  1. Topic 1 - Systems IB Topics 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3

  2. Systems • A system is an assemblage of parts and the relationships between them that constitute a whole

  3. Examples:

  4. System Types • Open • Both matter and energy are exchanged across the boundaries of the system

  5. System Types • Closed • Energy is exchanged, but no matter is exchanged

  6. System Types • Isolated • No matter or energy is exchanged

  7. System Components • Systems consist of: • Storages • Of matter and energy • Flows • Inputs into, outputs out of the system • Processes • Transfer or transform energy or matter

  8. Gaia • Proposed by James Lovelock in the 1970s • Suggests that life on Earth helps to regulate Earth’s conditions • Ocean salinity • Global temp • Oxygen content

  9. Gaia Main Ideas • “Earth is a self-regulating superorganism” • “Living and non-living components work together” • “Everything on Earth is connected” • “Earth will continue after humans”

  10. Topic 1 - Energy IB Topic 1.1.4

  11. Energy • Energy exists in multiple forms: • Light • Chemical • Electrical • Heat

  12. 1st Law of Thermodynamics • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms

  13. 1st Law of Thermodynamics (related to ecosystems) • All the energy into a system must equal the energy stored plus energy lost

  14. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • Energy goes from a concentrated form to a dispersed form • (Useable energy to non-useable energy)

  15. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (related to ecosystems) • New energy needs to be added to the system

  16. Topic 1 - Equilibria IB Topic 1.1.5

  17. Equilibrium • Static Equilibrium • No input or outputs of matter or energy • No change in the system over time

  18. Equilibrium • Steady-State Equilibrium • Inputs and outputs of matter and energy • System remains stable over time

  19. Stable vs Unstable Equilibrium • Stable • Unstable

  20. Topic 1 - Feedback IB Topic 1.1.6

  21. Feedback • Positive Feedback • A change in the system leads to increased change • The system goes away from equilibrium • Negative Feedback • Changes in the system lead to stability • The system maintains equilibrium

  22. Examples: • Global warming causes methane release from permafrost

  23. Examples: • Global warming causes ice to melt and water absorbs sunlight

  24. Examples: • Lynx – Hare population

  25. Examples: • Increased CO2 increases photosynthesis

  26. Topic 1 – Transfers and Transformations IB Topic 1.1.7

  27. Transformations • The change of energy or matter to a new product • Involve a change of state

  28. Transfers • Energy and matter move through a system without changing state • Usually involve a change in location

  29. Topic 1 – Flows & Storages IB Topic 1.1.8

  30. Flows • Inputs and Outputs • Energy and matter moving from one place to another

  31. Storages (stocks) • Matter and energy is stored in stocks or reservoirs

  32. Topic 1 - Models IB Topic 1.1.10

  33. Models • A model can be any representation of a real system. • Ex: • Aquarium • Diagram • Computer Model

  34. Example: • Make a model with the following terms: • Forest floor • People • Trees • Animals • Forest Plants • Soil

  35. Models • Advantages • Disadvantages

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