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Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion

Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion. HMIM BLOCK 224. Dr. Shaikh Mujeeb Ahmed Assistant Professor AlMaarefa College. Objectives. Different types of Blood groups blood group system Explain blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions following blood transfusions.

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Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion

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  1. Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion HMIM BLOCK 224 Dr. ShaikhMujeeb Ahmed Assistant Professor AlMaarefa College

  2. Objectives • Different types of Blood groups blood group system • Explain blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions following blood transfusions. • Describe how blood reactions may occur between fetal and maternal tissues.

  3. Blood Groups and Transfusions • In the year 1900, identification of the ABO blood antigen gene explained the observed blood type incompatibilities by Karl Landsteiner • Today there are 31 different genes known to contribute to the surface features of RBCs determining compatibility between blood types

  4. Blood Group Systems • Major systems • ABO • Rhesus system(Rh) • Minor • MN • P • Familial blood groups

  5. Importance of Blood Groups • Transfusion of blood • Association with disease • Duodenal ulcers are more common in group O than in A or B • Tumors of salivary glands, stomach and pancreas are more common in group A than in group O individuals.

  6. Antigens and Antibodies • Terms to become familiar with: • Agglutination – clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen • Antigens – a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies • Antibodies – a protein that reacts against a specific antigen

  7. Red blood cell Red blood cell Anti-A antibody Anti-B antibody Antigen A Antigen B Type B blood Type A blood Red blood cell Anti-A antibody Anti-B antibody Antigen A Antigen B Red blood cell Type AB blood Type O blood

  8. Agglutinated red blood cells Red blood cell Antigen A Anti-B antibody Anti-A antibody (a) (b) (c) (d)

  9. ABO Blood Group • Based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes • Antigen A • Antigen B

  10. Antigens and antibodies of the ABO blood group

  11. Genotype of ABO blood groups

  12. Landsteiner’s law. • If an agglutinogen (antigen) is present on the RBCs the corresponding agglutinin (anti body) must be absent in the plasma • If an agglutinogen (antigen) is absent on the RBCs the corresponding agglutinin (anti body) must be present in the plasma The first law is applicable to all blood groups. But the second part is not necessary always, its true for ABO blood groups.

  13. Rh Blood Group • The Rh blood group was named for the rhesus monkey • The group includes several Rh antigens or factors (Cc, Dd & Ee) • Rh positive – presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the red blood cell membranes • Rh negative – lack of these antigens • The seriousness of the Rh blood group is evident in a fetus that develops the condition erythroblastosisfetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn

  14. ErythroblstosisFetalis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + – – + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + – – – – + – – – – – – – – – + – + + – – – – – – – + – + + – – + + – – – – – – – + + + – – + + + + + – – – + + + – – – – + + – – – – + + + – – – – – – – – – + – – – – Rh-negative woman with Rh-positive fetus Cells from Rh-positive fetus enter woman’s bloodstream Woman becomes sensitized— antibodies ( + ) form to fight Rh-positive blood cells In the next Rh-positive pregnancy, maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells

  15. ErythroblastosisFetalis(Hemolytic disease of the newborn-HDN) • Clinical Features • Edema (Hydrops) • Jaundice • Anemia • Enlarged Liver & Spleen

  16. ErythroblastosisFetalis(Hemolytic disease of the newborn-HDN) • Treatment • Exchange blood transfusion • Prevention • Rh immune globulin (RhIG) injections to the Rh –negative mother during pregnancy

  17. Blood groups in local population

  18. Blood transfusion • Autologus blood transfusion • Blood grouping and cross matching • Donor’s RBCs + Recipient’s plasma (major cross matching) • Recipients RBCs + Donor’s plasma (minor cross matching)

  19. Proffered And Permissible Blood Types For Transfusion

  20. Complications of Blood Transfusion • Fatal hemolytic reactions in mismatched reactions. • Rapid hemolysis • Jaundice • Renal tubular damage • Circulatory overload – if rapid transfusion • Hemosiderosis – repeated blood transfusion • Electrolyte disturbances • Transmission of disease • Hepatitis – B or C • AIDS

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