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The Hot Big Bang

The Hot Big Bang. Monday, November 17 Pick up corrected Problem Set 6 (average score = 84); Recitation 4:30 pm today, McPherson 4054. Hot Big Bang Model:. Universe began expanding a finite time ago from a very dense , very hot initial state.

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The Hot Big Bang

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  1. The Hot Big Bang Monday, November 17Pick up corrected Problem Set 6 (average score = 84); Recitation 4:30 pm today, McPherson 4054

  2. Hot Big Bang Model: Universe began expanding a finite time ago from a very dense, very hot initial state. Dense = particles packed close together. Hot= particles moving rapidly.

  3. Hot Big Bang Model (continued): As space expanded, the universe became lower in density and colder. Expansion of space has been continuous since the “Big Bang” (start of expansion).

  4. Who invented the Big Bang Theory? Idea of expanding space: Alexander Friedmann (1922). Observation of expansion: Edwin Hubble (1929). Idea of initial dense “primeval atom”: Georges Lemaître (1931). Coining of phrase “Big Bang”: Fred Hoyle (1949).

  5. “BigBang” is a misleading name. Galaxies are not flying through space like shrapnel after an explosion. They’re moving apart alongwith expanding space. The textbook laments that the name isn’t “Expanding Space Theory”.

  6. I lament that it isn’t “Horrendous Space Kablooie”.

  7. There are some special times during the expansion. t = 0: Expansion starts. t ≈ 3 minutes: Protons & neutrons combine to form nuclei (Big Bang Nucleosynthesis).

  8. t ≈ 400,000 years: Protons & electrons combine to form hydrogen atoms. Universe becomes transparent. Photons decouple from matter. free protons & electrons hydrogen atoms

  9. Until t ≈ 400,000 yr, protons, electrons, He nuclei, & photons interacted frequently. Thus, they all had the same temperature. Today’s inhomogeneous universe is full of things with different temperatures.

  10. The very early universe had a very high temperature.

  11. More special times. t ≈ 750 million years: Formation of first stars and galaxies. t ≈ 13.7 billion years: Intelligent life in at least one location in the universe.

  12. 400,000 yr 3 min 750 million yr nucleo-synthesis trans- parency 1st stars & galaxies

  13. What evidence supports the Hot Big Bang Theory? Before the 1920s, everyone on Earth thought the universe was not expanding. Scientists generally don’t accept radical new theories without strong proof.

  14. Flashback: Top 3 pieces of evidence for the Hot Big Bang. 1) Dark night sky → Finite age for universe. 2) Redshiftproportional to distance → Homogeneous & isotropic expansion. 3) Cosmic Microwave Background → Universe was hot & dense enough to be opaque.

  15. Other bits of evidence for the Hot Big Bang. 4) ¼ helium + ¾ hydrogen→ Universe was hot & dense enough for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. 5) Age measurements of stars & planets are less than the Hubble time 1/H0 . 6) Large scale structure looks like that in simulations of an expanding universe.

  16. About the large scale structure: We know what density fluctuations were present when the universe became transparent. In a static universe, the fluctuations would grow exponentially.

  17. In an expanding universe, gravity is trying to make the dense regions collapse, expansion is trying to pull them apart. Growth is slow. exponential power law linear growth

  18. Structure seen in a simulation:

  19. Structure seen in reality:

  20. Hot Big Bang explains: Redshift & distribution in space of galaxies (t = 0.75 →13.7 billion years). Existence of Cosmic Microwave Background (t ≈ 400,000 years). Production of 4He, & a little 7Li, by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (t = 3 → 15 min).

  21. Gosh! We understand what the universe was like when it was a few minutes old! 1) At t < 1 minute, things get more speculative. 2) Cosmologists love to speculate.

  22. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN (between France & Switzerland)… …is nicknamed the “Big Bang Machine”. Why?

  23. The LHC will accelerate protons until they have a kinetic energy of 2 × 10-6 joules. This is a lot of energy for one proton (mc2 for a proton is 2 × 10-10 joules). In the early universe, the temperature was high. All particles had lots of kinetic energy.

  24. The particle energy produced by the LHC will be comparable to the particle energy 10-13 seconds after the Big Bang. Once they actually get it working.

  25. If you like to speculate about the very early universe (t < 3 minutes), then section 11.2 is for you!! quantum foam Planck length Planck time quantum gravity theory of everything loop quantum gravity M-theory grand unified theory baryogenesis electroweak unification quark-hadron transition None of these topics will be on the final exam.

  26. “…long words Bother Me.” I will continue to concentrate on things that are observable (stars, galaxies, CMB) and events that have directly observable consequences (BBN and helium-4).

  27. Wednesday’s Lecture: Density of the Universe Reading: Chapter 11

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