Prenatal Development to Birth

1. Prenatal Development to Birth Chapter 3

2. Prenatal Development Also known as en utero development This is development of off spring prior to birth. It happens in three distinct phases Germinal period (Zygotic period) Embryonic period Fetal period

3. Prenatal Periods  Germinal Period Takes place in the first two weeks after conception. Zygote is created. Continued cell division Attachment of zygote to the uterine wall Also known as the zygotic stage of development

4. Prenatal Periods continued Embryonic period Occurs two to eight weeks after conception. Rate of cell division intensifies Support systems for the cells form Organs begin to appear Differentiation is the specialization of cells to form organs. Amnion Bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the embryo floats Fluid is called amniotic fluid Umbilical cord Life-support system containing two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta Placenta Disk-shaped group of tissues where mother and offspring blood vessels intertwine. Blood supply never mixes.

5. Prenatal Periods continued Fetal Period Time of prenatal development from about the second month post conception to birth Maturation of all organ systems during this period Significant increases in length and weight.

6. Prenatal Care and the Brain Prenatal care is important in that it provides the necessary nutrients the fetus needs for healthy growth. The brain is the most important organ and develops the entire length of prenatal development Neurons are brain or never cells 100 billion present at birth in the brain alone Spinal column also develops during this time starting out as the neural tube and going from there.

7. Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogen Any agent that causes birth defects. Environmental Substance Biological Damage can vary for the following causes Dose Genetic fortitude Exposure time

8. Substance Teratogens SSRIs (anti-depressants) Heart deficits when taken early in the pregnancy Caffeine Increased risk of miscarriage Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome A cluster of abnormalities that occur in offspring of mothers who drink during pregnancy Nicotine Low birth weight Pre-term birth Respiratory problems/SIDS Cocaine Lower birth weight, slower cognition, addiction Methamphetamine Lower birth weight, increased risk of infant mortality, cognitive and behavioral problems Marijuana Lower birth weight and lower intelligence Heroin Addiction, ADHD sympotology

9. Environmental Teratogens Exposure to different environmental teratogens can cause varieties of issues Radiation and x-rays Can cause cancers and birth defects like missing limbs. STDs Exposure to different STDs causes different issues including mental retardation, blindness, deafness, and death.

10. Biological Teratogens Incompatible blood types RH-factor This can cause the mother�s immune system to attack the fetus because it is identified as a foreign object causing spontaneous abortion. Nutrition Lack of folic acid can cause spina bifida Mercury levels can cause mental retardation Maternal Age Increases the chance of still birth, miscarriage and cognitive issues with older age. Increase the chance of still birth, miscarriage, lower birth weight and cognitive issues with younger age Paternal Age Can lead to cognitive issues.

11. Birth Medicated childbirth Mother receives some type of anesthesia for the pain either general or local. Natural childbirth No medications are used to control the pain or given to induce birth. Cesarean section Surgery used to birth a child due to a variety of factors including breeched position, where the baby is turned the wrong way for birth. Named after Julius Caesar who supposedly was the first to be born in this method.

12. Newborn Assessment Scales Apgar Scale Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. NBAS Neurological development, reflexes and reactions Assessed during first month. NNNS Newborn behavior, neurological and stress responses and regulatory capacities. Used in NICU

13. Preterm and LBW Preterm are infants born three weeks or more before full term. Low birth weight is less than 5 � pounds at birth Very low birth weight are under 3 � pounds Extremely low birth weight are under 2 pounds Low birth weight can be caused by a variety of things such as preterm birth, maternal age, and teratogen exposure. Small for date is when birth weight is less than the norm for similar conditions.

14. Preterm and LBW . . . Preterm and very to extreme low birth weight are at a higher risk of infantile death. More susceptible to SIDS Greater risk for brain damage May increase chances of ADHD and asthma Kangaroo care is a treatment for preterm infants that involves skin to skin contact with mother and father.

15. After Birth Postpartum period is the time after childbirth when the mother has to make psychological and physical adjustments to no longer being pregnant. Postpartum depression is a disorder where women have strong feelings of sadness anxiety and despair similar to that of major depressive disorder. May have psychosis and dissociative-like symptoms Can be potentially dangerous.

16. I�m Bonding � James Bonding Bonding is the close connection, especially physical bond, between newborns and parents. Becomes stronger with the passing of time. Occurs pre-birth with both mother and some what with father. Very important for survival.