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    1. ??????????? ???:? ? ???? (????) ?????????(??????) ??? (???? ?????????) ????:????????????? Email: liuli866@vip.sina.com Phone: 6277 3013 (offfice)

    2. ????? ??:?«???????»? «???????»?«??????»? «?????»????????20??,?«????»?«????????»????;?????5?,?????????????????3?? ??:????????????????,1998?,???????????????????,2001?;???????????????1?,???3?;?????????,2001??

    3. ??????????? Community: A group of people having common interests. scientific community ?????,???????(??????),?????????????????????????????,??????????“??”(paradigm)? ?????:republic of learning; republic of science

    4. ???????? ????????:???????; ???:scientist,1840s??????;???men(woman) of science,natural philosopher ???????????????????????,??????????,????????,????????,????????

    5. ???????? ??:???????????????,???????????????? ??????,???:????????????? ????:????(?)?????(?)?????(?) ????:??????????,?????;??????????????? ????:????????,???????????,?????? ????:?????????????????,??????

    6. ??????????????

    7. ????R&D????????? %

    8. ????R&D??????% ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??1999 42.7 28.5 21.4 7.4 ?? 1997 62.5 6.3 24.9 3.2 ??1993 60.7 12.6 24.4 2.2 ??1996 50.7 21.6 25.4 2.3 ??1996 61.0 16.5 22.5 0.0 ??1997 67.0 5.1 27.8 0.1 ??1996 68.5 2.8 28.7 0.0 ???1998 65.3 29.8 4.8 0.1 ??1997 66.2 11.7 20.9 1.2 (????:????????2000?,p. 47pp. 214-215)

    9. ???? ?????????,??????????????????,????????,????? ?????,??????????????,CEECs???,???? ????:?????,???????,????????,????

    10. ??:??????? ??: ????????????; ??:??“ ?????”??

    11. ???? ????:??????,????? MIT:???,????,??;???,????,???Turnue? publish or perish system ???? CUDOS ????? ????:??????????????? ????

    12. ????(??): ?????? SCI(SSCI,H&ACI)«???????ISI»;EI????;ISTP????????? ???????:nature,science? ??:????,????,cssci? ??? citation

    13. ??SCI?????2000? (????:????????,2001?) 1 ?? 31.58% ?????1/3 2 ?? 9.16% 3 ?? 8.16% 4?? 7.78% 5 ?? 5.53% 6 ??? 3.91% 7 ??? 3.77% 8 ?? 3.15% ????? 9 ??? 3.01% 10 ?? 1.81%

    14. ???????????

    15. 2000?

    16. SCI????? 1996?,??1000?????,??10?????SCI????????44% ??50?????SCI????????80%? ?1000?????,?100?????????SCI?? ??SCI??????????600???----????:??,1999

    17. Publish or perish system ????,????,???;????????????,????Why ? ?????:???,??????(?????????????)? ???Publish or perish system????? ??:??????;??:????? ????:??????,??????

    18. publish or perish????? ???????; ???,??? ??“ ????”??? ??????(hierarchy)1/10??????50%?????????? ?????????,??????,working papers,???? ????,????????

    19. Ethos and Norms Ethos ???????;????:???,??“??”? ????: ????(communalism) ????(universalism) ????(disinterestedness) ???(originality) ????( scepticism) ??CUDOS; ????????,?????:UCDOS UCDOS ,?????????

    20. UCDOS(Merton) ????:???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????? ???? :??????????????????????Public knowledge ????(??????) ?????????????????????????????? ????: ?????????????????????????,????????? ???:??on the shoulders of giants????

    21. ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????“ ????”? ??????????,?????

    22. ???????PLACE(Ziman) Proprietary ???????? Local ??????? Authoritarian ??????? Commissioned ??????? Expert ?????????? ??PLACE ??:family, stop, marlboro

    23. ???? ?????????????

    24. ???? «??»“ ????”??????:???,????,????????,?????,???????:????,????? ????:????????????????(????????????)??,?????????????????,????;????,???????,????????????,????“ ???”?(???????????? )

    25. ???? ??

    26. ??1:??? ??????(1979-1988) ???? 15? ???? 9? ?? 14? ?? 16? ??:«????100?» ??,??,????

    27. ??2:??1 ??(1891-1962),1910-1917????,Cornell?Columbia,?????1917???????,????,?????,????;??(1946-1948)? ????????:?????????????,??????;????????,?????????;???????????,??????????«???»,??????????:“ ????????”;“ ?????????? ??????????”“ ?????????????,?????”

    28. ??“ ??” 1919???«???????»,??????“ ???”???,“ ??”???????? ???“ ????”10?;???????,1927???? ??????“ ????”,35?!??????(1935?)???????Princeton???????(1959)?

    29. ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????:??“ ????,????”;????“ ??”;?“ ???”?,???????????????,??????????????,??????????????? ??????:?????????????????,??“ ???”,????????,??????

    30. ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????????……

    31. ???????:?????? ?????????90??,????????????????????,?????????80?? ???1/5???????10????????1%(??????????),?????1/5????????15%? ????1%????????40%???,???80%????????16%???,???????(??·?????·??????·??)??????????????43??????????????

    32. ????????:????????? ????,??????????????????(????1999????,?????????PPP?????GDP),??????????????; ????,?????????????,????????????????,???????????????????????,????; ??????????"????",???????????????????20%?? ??“????”??,???????????????????,????????????,??????????,?????????????? ??????,????,??????????????,?????20???GDP??8000??????????????,????????????????

    33. ????? ??:???????,???????;DNA???,???Watson & Crick ????: 1?????????? ??????? 2?????--?????????????,????? 3????,??????,??????????????“ ????????????”

    34. ?????????? ????,?????????????????? ????,????????????? ??????:?????????? ???????????

    35. ??????? ?? ?? ????

    36. (1)?? ???????????.??????????????,????????????.???????????????,?????????. ????,?????????; ????,?????????; ????,?????????????; ????,??????????. ??????????????????,?????,???????????????????????.

    37. ??1:????? ???(1803-1873),??????????????,?????????Seminar???,??????????? ?Giessen????????“ ??”,????????;?????,??????,???????,??????

    38. ??????? ??? ???????Kekule???????;?????????????????????? ??1955?,??40???????????????Bayer1905??????????1908????????Osterwald,1909????Haber1916????Bergius1931??????Staudinger 1953?? ??:?? ?:«???????:?????????»,1999?,?3?,?????,pp. 16-37?

    39. ??2 ???? ??? :??“????”,[??],1997??????? ?????? ????????

    40. ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????,????????????????????

    41. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????????????

    42. (2)????(??) ?????????,???????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????. ????????;???????,???????? ????????????????????“????”,???????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????“????”??????,??????????????????????? ??????:Email,mailist

    43. (3)????? ????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????? ?????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????

    44. ?? ????:??????;????????discover channel ?????? ???? ??http://www.cast.org.cn/ ??????????,??:???,??? ????????

    46. ?????? ????????? ??“ ????” ?????? ????????? (???????;?????) ???????(??????) ?????(??) ???????(?????)

    47. ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????????(???????) ???????????????? ?????????????????

    48. ??? ??·?? ?,?????:«???,?????????,2002???????????,?:??,??:??«???????,www.csc.pku.edu.cn???? Bridgstock, et al., 1998. Science, technology and society: an introduction, Cambridge U. Press. www.nlc.gov.cn

    49. ???(????) ????publish or perish????? ??????“????” ?ucdos?place???? ????????????????

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