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QSO’s

QSO’s. The First Symposium. Background. USAF Pilot (retired) “Top Secret” - “SCI” Worked On: Nuclear Weapons Overhead Reconnaissance Intelligence Electronic Warfare Flown and Worked in: “Area 51”. Grasslands Observatory 651 Sabino Canyon Observatory 854.

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QSO’s

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  1. QSO’s The First Symposium

  2. Background • USAF Pilot (retired) • “Top Secret” - “SCI” • Worked On: • Nuclear Weapons • Overhead Reconnaissance • Intelligence • Electronic Warfare • Flown and Worked in: “Area 51”

  3. Grasslands Observatory 651Sabino Canyon Observatory 854

  4. Nomenclature • Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources (1963) • Newly Discovered “Radio Sources” • “Quasars” coined by H. Chiu at Conference • Quasi-Stellar Objects – “QSO” • 1969 • All Objects (Radio-Loud and Radio-Quiet (99%))

  5. My Interest in Astrophysics Began: 16 December 1963

  6. First Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics

  7. International Symposium onGravitational Collapse and other topics inRelativistic Astrophysics16 - 18 December 1963

  8. Agenda

  9. Agenda

  10. My First Symposium • I Sat for Three Days: • Between: • F. Hoyle and W. Fowler • Behind : • M. Schmidt and J. A. Wheeler

  11. Hoyle Fowler and Me

  12. 3C 273 “The First”

  13. 3C273

  14. The Dallas Newspaper

  15. Chronology of Compact Objects • White Dwarf • 1910 – Faintness – H. R. Russell and E. C. Pickering • 1922 – Term Coined by W. Luyten • 1922 – Generally Accepted • Neutron Star • 1934 – Proposed and Coined – W. Baade and F. Zwicky • 1963 – “Cut Off Gravitationally” from Detection • 1967 – Discovery of M1 Pulsar – J. Bell and A. Hewish • 1967 – Generally Accepted

  16. Chronology of Compact Objects • Black Hole • 1915 – Proposed – K. Schwarzschild • 1939 – Mass and Singularity • J. R. Oppenheimer, H. Snyder and G.M. Volkoff • 1963 – Rotating Black Holes – R. Kerr • 1967 – Term Coined – J. Wheeler • “Frozen Stars” • 1969 – QSO’s were Supermassive Black Holes • D. Lynden-Bell • 1974 – Accretion Disk – D. Lynden-Bell • 1975 ? – Generally Accepted

  17. Before “The Symposium” • 1960 Discovery • 1st “Radio Star” – 3C 48 by A.Sandage • 48th Source in the 3rd Cambridge Catalogue • Variable so must be “Stellar” (Strange Spectrum) • 1962 Discovery • 3C 273 Occultation by C. Hazard • December Spectrum by M. Schmidt • Recognized Lines in March 1963

  18. Known Quasars (December 1963) • 3C 48 – Mag = 16.06 – z = 0.367 • 3C 147 – Mag = 17.80 – z = 0.545 • 3C 196 – Mag = 17.79 – z = 0.871 • 3C 273 – Mag = 12.86 – z = 0.158 • 3C 286 – Mag = 17.25 – z = 0.849 ( Galaxy 3C 295 - z= 0.46 )

  19. This Symposium • 300 of Brightest Astronomers and Astrophysicists • Wrestling with the New Data on “Quasars” • Looking for a “New” Ideas/Theories • Give and Take – Became a Debate of Ideas • Challenges to Each New Idea • Many “Wild Ideas” Were Proposed • Kick Started a Paradigm Shift in Thinking

  20. Symposium • Unheard of Distances – 2 to 9 Billion Light Years • 50 Times the Luminosity of Brightest Galaxy • Very Small – A Few Light Months Across • The Question – What is The Energy Source? • Supernova Chain Reactions (G. Burbidge) • Collision of a Galaxy and a Anti-Galaxy • Condensation of One Million White Dwarfs • Gravitational Collapse of Superstar (Hoyle and Fowler) • Gravitational Energy Release (Hoyle and Fowler)

  21. Features of Quasars • Massive Objects ≥ 108 Solar Mass • Less Than One Parsec Across • Are a Coherent Mass (not Stars) • Lifetimes of at Least 106 Years • Variations in Optical of ~ 30%/year • Radiate in Radio, More Strongly in Optical • Tenuous Matter • Particle-Number Density of the Order of 107/cm3 • Total Energy ≥ 106 Solar Mass

  22. Discussed Compact Objects White Dwarfs Superstars – 106 to 109 Solar Mass Singularities (Schwarzschild) Implosion Gravitational Collapse Gravitational Energy Released 1062 to 1064 ergs Not Discussed Accretion Disks Event Horizon Black Holes Discussion

  23. Hoyle’s Ideas

  24. 11 March 1966

  25. Quasi-Poem Twinkle, Twinkle, Quasi-Star Twinkle, Twinkle, Quasi-Star Biggest puzzle from afar How unlike the other ones Brighter than a billion suns Twinkle, Twinkle, Quasi-Star How I wonder what you are. George Gamow

  26. “Heaven’s New Enigma” • A Most Memorable Experience • Life long interest in QSO’s • From 3C 273 to …..

  27. 3C273

  28. Visual Observation 23 December 1963

  29. “We have encountered a most bafflinggroup of astronomical objects. Whether fundamental new processes lie behind their brilliant but ephemeral appearance, orwhether our imaginations are still too limitedremains for the future to determine.” Jesse L. Greenstein

  30. QSO’s • Total = 117,792 • Most Distant • J1148+5251 – z = 6.419 • Most Luminous • Ultraluminous BAL QSO APM08279+5255 • 5 x 1015L (~ 25,000 Milky Way’s)

  31. Questions

  32. 3C 273

  33. 3C273

  34. Redshift

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