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Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology

Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology. What is the code and how is it harnessed?. Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College; Clicker Questions by Kristen Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. Learning Objectives. Describe what DNA is and what it does.

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Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology

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  1. Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology What is the code and how is it harnessed? Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College; Clicker Questions by Kristen Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe what DNA is and what it does. • Explain the process of gene expression and the collaboration of nature and nurture. • Explain the causes and effects of damage to the genetic code. • Describe biotechnology and its implications for human health. • Discuss biotechnology in agriculture. • Discuss biotechnology today and tomorrow.

  3. AIM:How is DNA structured? Do Now: Where is DNA found and why is it important?

  4. 5.1 “The DNA 200” Knowledge about DNA is increasing justice in the world.

  5. What is the most common reason why DNA analyses overturn incorrect criminal convictions?

  6. DNA is unique for each individual.

  7. Selfish dictators may owe their behaviour partly to their genes, according to a study that claims to have found a genetic link to ruthlessness. –Nature, April 2008 Whether a man has one type of gene versus another could help decide whether he’s good “husband material,” a new study suggests. –Washington Post, September 2008

  8. The “Age of the Gene”

  9. Take-home message 5.1 • DNA is a molecule that all living organisms carry in every cell in their body.

  10. Take-home message 5.1 • Unique in virtually every person, DNA can serve as an individual identifier, left behind us as we go about our lives. • This is a fact that is used increasingly to ensure greater justice in our society, such as through establishing the innocence of individuals wrongly convicted of crimes.

  11. 5.2 The DNA molecule contains instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.

  12. Two Important Features of DNA (1) DNA contains the instructions on how to create a body and control its growth and development. (2) The instructions encoded in the DNA molecule are passed down from parent to offspring. (Where have we recently seen this concept?)

  13. DNA “Double Helix” Nucleic acids and nucleotides

  14. Sugars, Phosphates, and Bases A, T, C, and G Base pairs AllTeachersGoCrazy

  15. Which answer will base pair with the following sequence?AGTTCTCATGT AGTTCTCATGT ACATGAGAACT TCAAGAGTACA UCAAGAGUACA

  16. How does DNA replicate?Why is this an important process? DNA replication • DNA original strand “unzips” by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairs. • New free floating nucleotides form new hydrogen bonds with the appropriate base pair with the help of DNA polymerase. • Two new identical of DNA molecules result, each with one strand of the original DNA as one side of the sugar-phospahate backbone.

  17. Take-home message 5.2 • DNA is a nucleic acid, a macromolecule that stores information. • It consists of individual units called nucleotides: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

  18. Take-home message 5.2 • DNA’s structure resembles a twisted ladder, with the sugar and phosphate groups serving as the backbones of the molecule and base pairs serving as the rungs.

  19. ACTIVITY Make your own DNA model.

  20. EXIT SLIP Answer the AIM How is DNA structured?

  21. 5.3 Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins. Why is DNA considered the universal code for all life on earth?

  22. The number of chromosomes varies from species to species. • Corn has 10 unique chromosomes. • Fruit flies have only four. • Dogs and chickens have 39 different chromosomes. • Goldfish have 47 chromosomes. • Individuals in each of these species inherit one copy of each chromosome from each parent.

  23. Genes • A sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that carries the information necessary for producing a functional product, usually a protein molecule or RNA

  24. Different people can have free or attached earlobes. The DNA that encodes for making free or attached earlobes is called a(n) ________, and there are two different versions of it, called __________. allele; genes trait; alleles gene; trait gene; alleles

  25. Take-home message 5.3 • DNA is a universal language that provides the instructions for building all the structures of all living organisms. • The full set of DNA an organism carries is called its genome.

  26. Take-home message 5.3 • In prokaryotes, the DNA occurs in circular pieces. • In eukaryotes, the genome is divided among smaller, linear strands of DNA called chromosomes.

  27. Take-home message 5.3 • A gene is a sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that carries the information necessary for producing a functional product, usually a protein molecule or RNA.

  28. Take-home message 5.4 • Only a small fraction of the DNA in eukaryotic species codes for genes. • The function of the rest is still a mystery.

  29. 5.5 How do genes work? An overview

  30. Genotype • all of the genes contained in an organism • Phenotype • the physical manifestations of the instructions

  31. Which molecule acts as a “middle man” between the nucleus, where transcription occurs, and the cytoplasm, where translation occurs? DNA mRNA Protein Choices 1 and 3 are correct.

  32. Take-home message 5.5 • The genes in strands of DNA are a storehouse of information, an instruction book.

  33. Take-home message 5.5 The process by which this information is used to build an organism occurs in two main steps: • transcription, in which a copy of the a gene’s base sequence is made, and • translation, in which that copy is used to direct the production of a protein.

  34. 5.6 Transcription: reading the information coded in DNA

  35. Classroom Catalyst Transcription Activity

  36. Which answer shows the correct orientation of the mRNA sequence (Phosphate (5’)  Oxygen (3’)) given the DNA sequence below?5’-TCATCTATCT-3’ 5’-UCAUCUAUCU-3’ 5’-AGUAGAUAGA-3’ 5’-AGAUAGAUGA-3’ 5’-AGATAGATGA-3’

  37. Take-home message 5.6 • Transcription is the first step in the two-step process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. • In transcription, a single copy of one specific gene within the DNA is made, in the form of a molecule of mRNA, which moves where it can be translated into a protein.

  38. AIM:How are protein synthesized? Do Now: What determines the function of an enzyme?

  39. 5.7 Translation: using information from DNA to build usable molecules

  40. Several ingredients must be present in the cytoplasm for translation to occur. • Free amino acids • Ribosomal units • Transfer RNA

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