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The Progression of The Windows Operating System

By: Mike Ellis Darius DeJesus Nick Gattuso. The Progression of The Windows Operating System. Outline. Our Approach Quick Overview of Windows Systems Hardware Limitations Memory management Security File Systems Structure. Timeline. DOS/ Win 1.0 - 3.11, 9.x family - 1981 ’95 - 1995

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The Progression of The Windows Operating System

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  1. By: Mike Ellis Darius DeJesus Nick Gattuso The Progression of The Windows Operating System

  2. Outline Our Approach Quick Overview of Windows Systems Hardware Limitations Memory management Security File Systems Structure

  3. Timeline DOS/ Win 1.0 - 3.11, 9.x family - 1981 ’95 - 1995 ’98 – 1998 ME – 2000 XP home- 2001 NT family -1993 NT 4.0 – 1996 2k – 2000 XP Pro – 2001 Vista - 2007

  4. Hardware Limitations DOS- Intel8088 No mode bit -> no dual mode Security, read-write conflicts Chips No support for memory protection - “real mode” Intel 80386 Pseudo multitasking through Dos extenders File and printer sharing Virtual memory 16-bit 216(64 k) maximum virtual memory Registers 16 bits long

  5. ’95- Hybrid 16-32 bit • 16 bit x86 processor • Intel 80386 • ’98/ME – Hybrid 16-32 bit • Functional USB drivers • Larger and slower than ’95 • Minimum Requirements of Windows Millennium Edition are a 150 MHz Pentium or compatible processor and at least 32 megabytes of RAM. • Recommended system requirements are a Pentium II with at least 96 megabytes of RAM. • Maximum Recommended RAM is no more then 1 Gig.

  6. Windows ’98 Demonstration

  7. 2k – 32 bit 133 MHz or higher Pentium-compatible CPU. 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM minimum 2 GB hard disk with a minimum of 650 MB of free space. (Additional free hard disk space is required if you are installing over a network.) Maximum of 4 Gigs RAM Third version of the NT File System Encrypting File System (files encrypted transparently to the user) Logical Disk Manager Uses NTFS supports FAT32

  8. XP – 32-64 bit Recommended: 300 MHz CPU 256 MB of RAM1.5 GB of available hard disk space Maximum of 4 gigs of RAM

  9. Memory Management DOS Good amount of memory management deals with restrictions on Intel 80x86 CPU segmented architecture. Allows protected mode segments to specify whether they contain code or data 8086 chip 64k segmented memory COBOL - code, data, stack, heap

  10. Real mode Access hardware directly Overwrite operating system code Dos extenders (TopView, DESQview) Provided a protected mode environment TSR – Terminate and stay Resident Create interrupt vectors to call back Allowed primitive multitasking Usually required manual unloading Problems

  11. Win 3.x (DOS with UI) 32 bit addressing Kernel allocate larger memory (64-128)k Kernel maintains global heap Moveable Memory- Address can’t be given to the user when you allocate the block Need to tell the OS when you need to use the memory by using GlobalLock() or LocalLock() OS gives the actual address and promises not to move it until user calls the corresponding unlock function

  12. Fixed Memory- Blocks don’t move When it is allocated, the OS returns the address Become sandbars in linear memory, preventing heap compaction from freeing up the maximum possible memory NT Separate address space for each task Memory that a program can see Tracking down bugs In theory- “uncrashable”

  13. Security DOS- No dual mode No user limitations, memory conflicts 2k Microsoft Certificate Services – upgraded and integrated from NT 4 Improved front end for older NT 4 security tools Numerous new authentication methods for network use

  14. XP Product Activation Bigger focus on security due to widely publicized vulnerabilities With service pack 2 Windows Firewall Non-Executable Memory Pages

  15. File Systems Fat 32 Provides enhancements over the FAT file system: FAT32 supports drives up to 2 terabytes in size. FAT32 uses space more efficiently. FAT32 is more robust. FAT32 can relocate the root folder and use the backup copy of the file allocation table instead of the default copy. FAT32 drives are less susceptible to a single point of failure than FAT16 drives. FAT32 is more flexible. The root folder can be located anywhere on the drive. Previous limitations on the number of root folder entries no longer exist. Dynamic resizing of FAT32 partitions.

  16. NTFS “New Technology File System” Improvements over FAT(dos) Performance, Reliability, Disk utilization B++ Security Ability to audit changes Limit access to disk contents Limitations Microsoft trade secret implementation Mac OS X offers read only support

  17. Preemption Non-preemptive – Once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until terminating or waiting Non-preemptive last used in Win 3.x Preemptive used from ’95 -> Vista XP used priority-based preemptive scheduling. Highest priority thread always runs.

  18. Structure DOS -> Simplest Most functionality in small space Very small separation of modules/interfaces Application programs can access basic I/O routines to write directly to display and drives NT -> Layered Microkernel NT -> 4.0 improved Layered Microkernel

  19. Bibliography Operating System Concepts 7th edition Windows Internals, The Implementation of the Windows Operating Environment, Matt Pietrek http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.windowsitlibrary.com/Content/356/04/1.html

  20. Vista? Windows Bitlocker Drive Encryption New levels of data theft protection Ultimate, Buisness, Bnterprise, Home Premium, Home Basic Windows Aero interface (NA basic home) Easier to navigate OS and work with multiple open programs. 3D animated real-time time view of programs and files

  21. Family Safety Settings Parents can monitor and manage games internet and instant messaging. Internet Explorer 7 More security and privacy. Protected mode- less infection/spyware Windows back-up tool Back up to CD, DVD, or external hard disk via USB or Firewire. Schedule periodic back-ups

  22. Random facts XP -> written mostly in C. Code written faster More compact Easier to understand/debug Easier to port (move to other hardware) Reduced speed, increased storage All windows are 1-to-1 multithread XP – product activation (piracy)

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