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Growth and Perceptual/Motor Development

Growth and Perceptual/Motor Development. Apgar Test. CHANGES IN BODY SIZE Weight quadruples in first 2 years! Coordination, general processing speed increase over childhood years Strength and agility decline starting in 20’s. How tell what infant can perceive?. Two basic methods:

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Growth and Perceptual/Motor Development

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  1. Growth and Perceptual/Motor Development

  2. Apgar Test

  3. CHANGES IN • BODY SIZE • Weight quadruples in first 2 years! • Coordination, general processing speed increase over childhood years • Strength and agility decline starting in 20’s

  4. How tell what infant can perceive? • Two basic methods: • Longitudinal designs: study over long time periods • Cross sectional: study groups of children at each age (group of 2’s, 4’s, etc.) • Several techniques: • Preference technique • Habituation technique • Rewarding for correct behavior

  5. Infant perceptual abilities • Audition: • can hear about 4 months gestational age • Recognize voices within 1-2 days of birth, at lastest (some data say prenatally) • Taste: • Can tell sweet from sour from salty • Recognize mom’s smell • Experience pain prenatally • Vision • At birth: see only about 6-9 inches clearly • Vision is blurry and lacks detail • Can clearly see person who is holding baby’s face • Innate facial recognition

  6. Newborn Reflexes • Blink • knee jerk or patellar reflex • Babinski:fanningof toes when foot stroked • should disappear by end of first year; absent in lower spinal defects • Palmar, Darwinian or automatic hand grasp • replaced by voluntary grasping at 3-4 months; weak or absent in depressed/distressed babies • Moro reflex: startle reflex • disappears by 6-7 months; absent in neurologically depressed babies • Stepping or swimming reflex • disappears at 3-4 months; absent in lower spine defects, depressed babies • Rooting, sucking reflex • also disappears in 3-4 months; absent in depressed babies • present in adults w/CP if head/neck involved

  7. Rules for Development: • Development occurs cephalocaudal: • head to toe • gross to fine • in to out • will triple birth weight, double birth length by first year • Developmental differences: • depends on actual age at birth • depends on stimulation • depends just on individual differences

  8. Physical Development Cephalocaudal Principle Head to tail Proximodistal Principle Near and far Principle of Hierarchical Integration Principle of Independent Systems

  9. Developmental milestones • Basic pattern of development across most children • Lots of individual differences • Gestational age at birth • Birth/health issues • Size/weight • gender/ • Experiences • Chart is JUST a general guideline!

  10. Gross Motor Skills: Fine Motor Skills Month One: Can lift chin slightly Hands fisted/reflexive grasp Month Two: Wobbly head while sitting Swipes toys with /hands Month Three: Holds head steady in sitting Hands open Rolls back to side Grasps/holds an object Puts weight on arms while on tummy Hands play at midline Month Four: Sits on propped arms Reaches with both arms/hands Rolls tummy to side Brings fingers/hands in mouth No head lag seen when pulled to sit Squeeze grasp emerging Month Five: Rolls tummy to back Reaches with good aim Wiggles few feet forward Puts objects/toys in mouth Pushes up with arms while on belly Picks up spoon or cup by handle Sits propped on hands Starts grabbing feet Month Six: Sits briefly independently Reaches precisely and grasps objects Sits in a highchair Transfers toys from hand to hand Rolls over both ways Bangs a cup on a table

  11. Gross Motor Skills: Fine Motor Skills Month Seven: Sits unsupported~30 seconds Crosses midline when reaching Rocks on all fours Uses whole hand to rake in objects Pivots in a circle while on tummy Thumb to finger grasp emerging Month Eight: Transitions tummy to sit Bangs cubes together Crawls forward Uses a three-fingered grasp Reaches while on tummy Month Nine: Transitions sit to tummy Uses thumb to index finger grasp (crude) Pulls to stand while holding on Crude release of objects Creeps on all fours Drops toys and objects Stands while leaning on furniture Points index finger Month Ten: Cruises along furniture Pokes with fingers Stands unsupported briefly Uses thumb to index finger grasp (precise) Transfers from crawl to sit Stacks objects Month Eleven: Stands unsupported Releases a cube at will Walks with hands held Removes pegs from a pegboard Month Twelve: First independent steps Puts objects in a container Stands unsupported~12 seconds Releases an object precisely Assumes/maintains kneeling Stacks two one-inch cubes

  12. Motor and physical changes: • By 2 - 3 years • Walks more rhythmically; hurried walk changes to run. Put on and removes simple items of clothing. • Jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body. Zips and unzips larger zippers. • Pushes riding toy with feet; little steering. Uses spoon effectively • Girls ahead of boys • 3 - 4 years • Walks up stairs, alternating feet, and downstairs, leading with one foot. Fastens and unfastens large buttons. • Jumps and hops, flexing upper body. Serves self food without assistance. • Throws and catches with slight involvement of upper body; still catches by trapping ball against chest. Uses scissors. • Pedals and steers tricycle. Copies vertical line and circle. • Draws first picture of person, using tadpole image.

  13. Physical Development • 4 - 5 years • Walks downstairs, alternating feet. Uses fork effectively. • Runs more smoothly. Cuts with scissors following line • Gallops and skips with one foot. Copies triangles, cross, and some letters. • Throws ball with increased body rotation and transfer of weight on feet; catches ball with hands. • Rides tricycle rapidly, steers smoothly. • 5 - 6 years • Increases running speed. Uses knife to cut soft food. • Gallops more smoothly; engages in true skipping. Ties shoes. • Displays mature throwing and catching pattern. Draws person with six parts. • Rides bicycle with training wheels. Copies some numbers and simple words.

  14. Gender Development • Gender role: pattern of behavior consistent with society’s dictates of male or female • Gender identity: • Sense of self as male or female • Begins to develop by age 2 • Chidlren usually do not understand gender is permanent until elementary school • Two theories • Biological: it is innate • Social learning: learned from environment, modeling, reinforcement

  15. Erik Erikson’s Stages of Personality Development • Sense of self shaped by psychosocial crises at certain points in life • Childhood stages: • Infancy: trust vs. mistrust • Toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame/doubt • 3-6 years: initiative vs. guilt • 6 to 12: industry vs. inferiority • Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion • Adult stages: • Young adult: intimacy vs. isolation • Middle adult: generativity vs. stagnation • Older adult: identity vs. despair

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