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GAIA wil l revolutionize the distance scale. Main-sequence fitting distances. A Cepheid variable in a distant galaxy (at center) . Pulsating variable s tars in the HR diagram. Cepheid PL Relation. Fitting the ‘universal’ globular cluster luminosity function
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Pulsating variable stars in the HR diagram.
Fitting the ‘universal’ globular cluster luminosity function (solid line) to actual counts of globulars in distant galaxies.
Novae are basically nuclear explosions like this one as seen at 1/40th of a second.
Rotation curves and data for external galaxies: Simpler than for the Milky Way.