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Sucking and Gall-Forming Insects

Sucking and Gall-Forming Insects. Sucking Insects. Mouthparts pierce plant tissue and draw out fluid Importance: Usually low in forests Overuse of pesticides can incite damaging infestations Some deadly exotics in U.S. Some vector plant disease

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Sucking and Gall-Forming Insects

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  1. Sucking and Gall-Forming Insects

  2. Sucking Insects • Mouthparts pierce plant tissue and draw out fluid • Importance: • Usually low in forests • Overuse of pesticides can incite damaging infestations • Some deadly exotics in U.S. • Some vector plant disease • Often favor young succulent growth, high in nitrogen

  3. Sucking insects: wide diversity Scales Lacebugs Adelgids Spittlebugs Thrips Mealybugs Thrips Tree/leaf- hoppers Aphids Whiteflies

  4. Sucking Insects:possible signs and symptoms Honeydew sooty mold Ants

  5. Sucking Insects:possible signs and symptoms Wooly ash aphid Curled, discolored, and/or distorted foliage Pink hibiscus mealybug Thrips “stippling” on sweetgum

  6. Sucking Insects:possible signs and symptoms Waxy or cottony masses or coatings Woolly pine scale Asian wooly hackberry aphid Flatid planthopper excretion Pine bark adelgid

  7. Sucking Insects:possible signs and symptoms Twig and branch dieback Kermes scale

  8. Aphids Asian Wooly Hackberry Aphid Crapemyrtle Aphid Oleander Aphid Giant Bark Aphid

  9. Scales Tuliptree scale Scale “crawler” Oak Lecanium Scale Holly Pit Scale Florida Wax Scale Pine Needle Scale

  10. Sycamore Lace Bug

  11. Damaging Exotic Sucking Insects in Florida Pick Hibiscus Mealybug Lobate Lac Scale

  12. Hemlock Woolly AdelgidAn exotic eliminating eastern hemlocks

  13. Factors that influence occurrence & impact:sucking insects • Young succulent tissue • Enhanced nutrient levels • Overuse of broad-spectrum insecticides

  14. Management: sucking insects Do nothing (let natural enemies do the job) Inspect for evidence of ladybugs, lacewings, other natural enemies Hard jet of water (periodic, safe on natural enemies) Insecticidal Soaps (e.g., Safer’s, M-Pede,homemade) Disrupts cuticle, must cover pest, target scale crawlers Horticultural oils (e.g., SunSpray Ultra-fine oil) Act by suffocation, must cover pest, target scale crawlers Systemic Insecticides (e.g. Imidacloprid) as root drench, trunk injection

  15. Galls Abnormal plant cell growth stimulated by another organism wasps, midges, aphids & mites Bacteria, fungi, nematodes >2000 gall producing-insects in the United States 60% occur on the oak family Primarily of aesthetic concern Stem galls may kill shoot

  16. Oak Apple Gall • Spherical galls on oaks in spring, summer • Alternating wasp generations • Adults emerge from galls, mate, female lays eggs in roots • Female wasps emerge from roots in 2nd spring, lay egg in leaf midrib Amphibolips confluenta

  17. Caused by cynipid wasps Callirhytis spp. Laurel, water, other oaks Alternating twig and leaf gall stages Dense laurel oaks on poor sites Horned Oak Gall One wasp emerges from each “horn”

  18. Cypress Twig Gall Midge Spongy galls on ends of new cypress growth Orange larvae inside, overwinter Galls drops with foliage in winter

  19. Management: galls • Appreciate the beauty • Prune and destroy galls containing active life stages • Plant site-appropriate tree species • Conserve natural enemies through limited pesticide use

  20. Thanks Again!

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