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Token Economies

Token Economies. A brief description and points of consideration. Token Economies. Token: A conditioned reinforcer that can be turned in for backup reinforcers Can be given immediately Makes group administration of reinforcers easier. How to set up a token economy.

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Token Economies

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  1. Token Economies A brief description and points of consideration

  2. Token Economies Token: A conditioned reinforcer that can be turned in for backup reinforcers • Can be given immediately • Makes group administration of reinforcers easier

  3. How to set up a token economy • Take baseline data on the target responses • Select backup reinforcers and how to distribute them • Select token type: Checks, stars, bucks, stamps etc. • Not easily counterfeited!

  4. How to implement a token economy • Keep data: Must construct data sheets • Consistency in delivery: Specific agent for specific behavior • Number/Frequency of R+: Continuous at first and fade to some intermittent schedule. • managing backup reinforcers: How often?

  5. How to implement a token economy • Possible punishment contingencies? • Supervision of staff: Treatment integrity • Handling problems: Anticipation is the best approach • Make a manual or rule booklet

  6. The most important things to remember • Wean individuals from the token economy: Value, or frequency • Transfer from token to social reinforcement • Gradually transfer control to client to self-reinforce/monitor

  7. Self-Control General framework for understanding “Will Power”

  8. Factors that Influence Self-Control Problems of Behavioral Excesses • Immediate reinforcers versus delayed punishers for a behavior • Immediate Reinforcers Versus Cumulatively significant punishers for a behavior

  9. Factors that Influence Self Control Problems of behavioral deficiencies 1. Immediate small punishers for a behavior versus reinforcers that are cumulatively significant 2. Immediate small punishers for a behavior versus immediate but highly improbable major punisher if the behavior does not occur 3. Immediate small punisher for a behavior versus delayed major punisher if the behavior does not occur.

  10. A Model for Self-Control • Specify problem behavior • Set Goals • Make a commitment to change • Take data • Analyze causes • Design and implement program • Prevent Relapses and make your gains last

  11. Small group activity • What can you do to help people: • To eat adequate portions • Quit smoking • Wear bike helmets • Exercise more frequently • Complete homework

  12. Causes of relapse • Avoidable setback situations • Unavoidable setback situations • Overreaction to occasional setbacks • Counterproductive self-talk • Fuzzy Target Behavior • Long-term target behavior • Trying too much too soon • Failure to incorporate everyday rewards into your program • Failure to plan follow-up checks

  13. A Behavioral Contract • Ensures agreement by all parties • Provides method of monitoring goal attainment and progress • Provides good estimate of what is involved with the program • Provides outlet for conditioned commitment (signing contract)

  14. Components of Behavioral Contract • Names of parties involved • Operationally defined behavior • Criteria to be met • Consequences for criteria • Dates/times/settings • Methods for renegotiation

  15. Verbal Behavior Very basic single slide introduction

  16. Verbal Behavior • A response reinforced by another person’s response. • 6 “Verbal Operants” • Mands: Asking • Only type that benefits speaker (Remember MO) • Tacts: Naming • Echoic: Repeating back • Intraverbal: Answer questions • Textual: Reading • Transcription: Writing

  17. Ethics in Behavior Modification A common sense single slide prompt

  18. Ethical Issues for Human Services • Have goals of treatment been adequately considered? • Has choice of treatment methods been adequately considered? • Clients participation voluntary? • Subordinate client interests considered? • Adequacy of treatment been evaluated? • Confidentiality protected? • Referrals when necessary? • Therapist Qualified?

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