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Unit 8: The Twenties

Unit 8: The Twenties. Chapter 26. Understanding Post-War Tensions. Sacco and Vanzetti. Sacco and Vanzetti Trial Italian Immigrants convicted of double murder and robbery Was the trial fair? Clemency- lessening of their penalty. Demobilization = Unemployment.

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Unit 8: The Twenties

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  1. Unit 8: The Twenties

  2. Chapter 26 Understanding Post-War Tensions

  3. Sacco and Vanzetti • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial • Italian Immigrants convicted of double murder and robbery • Was the trial fair? • Clemency- lessening of their penalty

  4. Demobilization = Unemployment • Demobilization- transition from wartime to peacetime • High Unemployment • American’s spending saved money • Inflation (rising prices) • High Unemployment + high inflation= RECESSION (decline of economic activity)

  5. Businesses Return to Prewar Labor Practices Struggle between businesses and labor over WAGES and WORKING CONDITIONS resumed. (during war they agreed to settle with no striking)

  6. UNIONS • AFL- American Federation of Labor • Skilled and unskilled workers, bread and butter unionism • IWW- Industrial Workers of the World • Wobblies- radical industrial workers who wanted socialism • General Strike • 35,000 Seattle shipyard workers walk off job • 100,000 joined in a general strike across industries

  7. Unions Lose Support • Boston Police Force Strike (1919)- • Chaos erupted, Governer Coolidge called the national guard and fired all policemen • Problems with Unions • Public hostility, failure to achieve goals, and exclusive politics • Supreme Court Weakens Unions • Restricted boycotting, rejected a child labor law and a law that raised wages for women • Union power diminishing

  8. Fear of Radicals • Bomb Scare • Bombs delivered to politicians, people assumed by radicals • Radicalism- extreme change (sparked by Russian Revolution) • Socialists- public (government) ownership of means of production (factories and land) • Communists- more extreme socialism, classless society • Anarchists- oppose all systems of government

  9. Red Scare • Red Scare- postwar fear of radicalism • Palmer Raids • Attorney General Mitchell Palmer was a target of a bomb, so he along with his assistant J. Edgar Hoover, launched a campaign against subversives known as the Palmer Raids • Raided buildings and seized records without warrants, arrested 6,000 suspected radicals, and foreign-born radicals were deported without a trial • Civil Liberties (basic rights) were denied

  10. Immigration and Closing the door Immigration increased Nativism revived • Quota System • Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 • 375,000 people (3%) • Immigrant Act of 1924 • 164,000 people (2%)

  11. Revival of the Ku Klux Klan • Ku Klux Klan- anti immigrant feelings • Leo Frank- Jewish factory manager convicted of killing a young girl Mary Phagan • The Klan broke him out of jail and hanged him. • Southern Revival (control of policics) Early 1920s numbers range 3-4 million

  12. ACLU • American Civil Liberties Union- created to protect freedom of speech • Defending the Unpopular • Radicals, union workers, and Wobblies

  13. Asian and African Discrimination • Asian Discrimination • Citizenship and Marriage banned • African Discrimination • Race Riots 1919, segregated society • Back to Africa Movement • Marcus Garvey- 2 million followers

  14. Jews and Catholics Battle Religious Prejudice • Anti-Semitism- prejudice against Jews • Anti-Defamation League (ADL)- stop the false accusation of Jewish people • Anti-Catholic • New York Gov. Al Smith

  15. Chapter 27 The Politics of Normalcy

  16. Harding’s Return to Normalcy • Normalcy- Harding's belief that life would return as it was prewar • Warren G Harding: Republican president 1920-23 from Ohio • Free enterprise system • Cut Taxes and Spending • Prices and Unemployment dropped • Economy looked good

  17. Ohio Gang • Ohio Gang- Harding filled his government positions to loyal friends from Ohio • Gang Betrayal • Attorney General: Harry Daugherty took bribes from criminals • Secretary of Interior: Albert B Fall was responsible for the Teapot Dome Scandal • Oil Rich lands set aside for the US Navy in Wyoming. Fall secretly leased the land to private oil companies and received more that $400,000.

  18. Coolidge then Hoover • Harding dies of a heart attack and VP Calvin Coolidge “silent Cal” takes office • Coolidge Cuts TAXES- income, corporate, and inheritance • Herbert Hoover elected in 1928 • Believed in big business and “associationalism”- bringing businesses together to improve economic efficiency

  19. Isolationism • Avoiding Europe involvement • Distrust in the League of Nations • Disarmament • Washington Naval Conference- limit the size of navies • Diplomacy • Kellogg-Briand Pact- Agreement to outlaw war • War Debts • Dawes Plan- • US loaned Germany money • Germany paid Britain and France reparations • Britain and France paid the US • Germany then owed the US even more money which causes problems later • Less Latin America • Nonintervention, rejected the Roosevelt Corollary

  20. FORD • Henry Ford • Mass Production (assembly line) = Lower Prices • Innovation= New Industries • Automobiles • Steel, Construction, Oil, Highways • Restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and repair shops • Airplanes • US postal service • Big Business • Consolidation- merging of 2 businesses • Holding Companies- Corporations controlled by their stock • Speculators • Florida Land Boom- real estate developers sold land to speculators (get rich quick) and prices plummeted after a hurricane

  21. Dow Jones Industrial Average • Stock Market- road to riches • DJIA- Dow Jones Industrial Average- measure of stock prices still used today • GNP Gross National Product • Up 40%

  22. Hard Times Farmers- crop prices plummeted Mexican, Mexican American, Asian, and Asian Americans had low pay and harsh working conditions Unskilled workers struggled Coal Miners African Americans- paid less and barred from most unions

  23. Chapter 28 Popular culture in the roaring twenties

  24. Roaring Twenties Roaring Twenties- decade of prosperity, technological advances, and cultural boom Charleston- African American folk dance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNAOHtmy4j0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72oC9_PTiQo&p=2B37A9FB286951FA&index=10&feature=BF http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPW1bBlzBb0&feature=fvw

  25. Material World • Consumer Culture- consumption of large quantities of goods as beneficial to the economy and personal happiness • Inventions- promise to make life easier • Advertising builds consumer demand • Bruce Barton • The Man Nobody Knows

  26. Buy Now, Pay Later Credit- buy with borrowed money, pay off the loan overtime with interest Installment Buying-down payment to the seller and pay for the good overtime in installments Sound Familiar???

  27. To the Air and Roads • Airplanes • Charles Lindbergh- 1st solo flight NY to Paris • Amelia Earhart- Solo flight from Cali to Hawaii • Automobiles • Henry Ford • Cars and a new sense of freedom

  28. Mass Media • Popular Culture- culture of ordinary people including music, art literature, and entertainment • Print Media • Explosion of magazines: Time, Readers Digest • Radio • KDKA- 1920 presidential election results • David Sarnoff- titanic survivors • Motion Pictures • Charlie Chaplin- silent film actor • The Jazz Singer- talkie

  29. Women and Equality • Grassroots Organization (run by its members) • The League of Women Voters • Carrie Chapman Catt • Failure of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Alice Paul • National Women’s Party • New Opportunities • Margaret Sanger- fist family planning clinic • Planned Parenthood

  30. The Jazz Age • Jazz Age • Louis Armstrong- trumpet soloist • Bessie Smith- empress of the blues • Improvisation- make it up as you go • Night Clubs and Radio • America’s Music • Young people- the Charleston (wild and reckless)

  31. Writers and Artists • Harlem Renaissance- outpouring of creativity among African American writers, artists, and musicians who gathered in Harlem during the 1920’s • Langston Hughes • He attempted to explain and illuminate the Negro Condition in America • Literature and Art • Lost Generation- sickened by the slaughter of war and critical of American Ideals and values • E.E. Cummings • Ernest Hemingway • F. Scott Fitzgerald

  32. Sports • Spectator Sports- large number of fans who attend • Baseball and Football • Boxing and Wrestling • National Celebrities • Jack Dempsey • Babe Ruth • Jim Thorpe • Gertrude Ederle

  33. Chapter 29 The clash between traditionalism and modernsim

  34. Traditionalists vs. Modernists Traditionalists- people who had a deep respect for long-held cultural and religious cultures Modernists- people who embraced new ideas, styles, and social trends

  35. Urban and Rural Areas • Consumer Price Index • Average household income rose 37% • Rural Problems • WWI- demand up, after the war demand and prices fell, farmers lost their farms • Pro-farmer legislation vetoed by Coolidge twice

  36. Changing Values • Fundamentalism- idea that religious texts and beliefs should be taken literally • Billy Sunday- fundamentalist preacher

  37. The Youth of a Nation Old ways are Repressive: Courting vs dating Fads- flagpole sitting, marathon dancing, and crossword puzzles “Flappers”- daring young women with short colored hair, make up and dresses just below the knees

  38. Adult Perspective • Young people have lost there way • Wreckless and immoral • Censorship of movies and books • “two feet on the floor”- bedroom scenes • Laws- police with yard sticks patrolled the length of young women's skirts

  39. Prohibition • The “Dry” Perspective • Traditionalists victory • 18thAmendment- BANNING of ALCOHOL • The “Wet” Perspective • Modernist fight • Restricts freedom and breeds crime • Speakeasies- secret drinking clubs • Bootlegging- production, transport, and sale of illegal alcohol (multibillion dollar business) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g59y65aEW_I

  40. Evolution • The Modernist Perspective • Theory of Evolution: Darwin • Life evolved from simpler forms • Natural Selection • The Traditionalist Perspective • Creationism • God Created the Univerise • Fear of Eugenics • Super breeding

  41. Scopes Trial • “The Monkey Trial” • John T Scopes: violated Tennessee Law which banned teaching of evolution in public schools • Clarence Darrow vs William Jennings Bryan • “Scopes isn’t on trial, Civilization is on trial” • “If Evolution wins, Christianity goes” • Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/08/2/l_082_01.html

  42. Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design • Supreme Court Bans Creationism • Lemon Test (Lemon v. Kurtzman) • 3 rules • Have a secular, or nonreligious, purpose • Neither help nor hurt religion • Not result in an “excessive entanglement” of government and religion • Intelligent Design- argues that some features of the natural world are too complex to have evolved by means of natural selection, they must have been developed by an intelligent agent

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