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Mango IPM - Pests, beneficials and biological control

Mango IPM - Pests, beneficials and biological control. Deanna Chin and Haidee Brown, Entomology, Diagnostic Services. www.nt.gov.au. Chewing Insects. Mango tip borers Flower caterpillars Mango stem miner Swarming beetles Longicorn borer Mango seed weevil Giant termite.

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Mango IPM - Pests, beneficials and biological control

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  1. Mango IPM -Pests, beneficials and biological control Deanna Chin and Haidee Brown, Entomology, Diagnostic Services www.nt.gov.au

  2. Chewing Insects • Mango tip borers • Flower caterpillars • Mango stem miner • Swarming beetles • Longicorn borer • Mango seed weevil • Giant termite

  3. Large mango tip borer • Mature larvae: 25 mm • Life cycle: about 35 days (larval dev 8-10 days) • Larvae feed at night

  4. Flower caterpillars • Mature larvae: up to 15 mm • Life cycle: 3-4 weeks

  5. Mango stem miner • Larval length: a few mm • Life cycle: 3-4 weeks

  6. Swarming beetles Gelopterasp. Rhyparida sp. • Various swarming beetles: 3-6 mm in length Monoleptasp.

  7. Longicorn borer ● Mature larvae: up to 40 mm ● Adult length: 20-30 mm ● One generation per year

  8. Mango seed weevil • Adult length 10 mm • 1 generation per year • Fruit are infested when they are 30 mm in diametre Feeding damage to fruit

  9. Giant termite • Workers and soldiers: 10-12 mm • Life cycle: up to 1 year

  10. Sap feeding insects • Mealybugs and fluted scales • Mango scale • Pink wax scale • Mango leafhopper • Mango planthopper (flatids) • Fruit spotting bug • Tea mosquito bug • Graptostethus • Dimpling bug • Redbanded thrips • Flower thrips (these are also pollinators)

  11. Mango leafhopper • Adult: 4-5 mm in length • Complete life cycle: 12-20 days

  12. Mango planthopper • Adult length: 10-15 mm • Complete life cycle:12-16 days

  13. Fruit spotting bug • Adult: 15 mm in length • About 5 generations per year

  14. Tea mosquito bug • Adult length: 6-7 mm • Life cycle: 4 weeks

  15. Graptostethus • Adult length: 7-9 mm • Life cycle period unknown

  16. Dimpling bug • Adult length: 2.5 mm • Life cycle: 2 weeks

  17. Redbandedthrips • Adult length: 1.3 mm • Life cycle: 2-3 weeks

  18. Scirtothrips • Adult length: about 1 mm • Life cycle: about 21 days

  19. Fluted scales and mealybugs Mealybugs Fluted scales • Adult length varies according to species e.g. Fluted scales 3-8 mm

  20. Mango scale • Adult length: 1-2 mm • 5 generations per year

  21. Pink wax scale • Adult length: 3-4 mm

  22. Fruit flies Bactrocera jarvisi Bactroceratryoni • Adult length: 9-10 mm • Life cycle: about 3-4 weeks Sting mark on fruit Fruit fly larva

  23. Mango bud mite Other eriophyid mites are associated with silvery-white wax on leaves • Adult length: 0.25 mm • Life cycle: 6 days

  24. Quarantine pests Mango pulp weevil Mango seed weevil • Mango pulp weevilLarvae tunnel into pulpPresent in SE Asia

  25. Quarantine pests • Red banded mango caterpillar • Larvae tunnel through flesh and skin and feed on seed • Detected in the Torres Strait & the tip of Cape York

  26. Quarantine pests • Mango gall midge • Damages fruit and leaves • Many species • Present in the Torres Strait • Major pest in some Asian countries

  27. Quarantine pests • Exotic fruit flies • Various detections over the years Mediterranean fruit fly Philippines fruit fly

  28. Native beneficial insects • Praying mantises • Spiders • Wasp parasites • Insect pathogens e.g. fungal infections, viruses and bacteria • Pollinators • Ladybird beetles • Hoverfly larvae • Lacewings • Epipyropid moth

  29. Pollinators Bush fly Blowfly Hover fly Honey bee Bush bee

  30. General Predator Captures and feeds on a large range of insects. Praying mantis

  31. Spiders - General Predators Captures and feeds on a large range of insects.

  32. Natural enemies of planthoppers Epipyropid moth and pupa Fungal pathogen

  33. Hoverfly larva Hover fly larva feeding on mango scale

  34. Commercially produced beneficials • The following predators have been released and observed in mango orchards in the NT: • Mealybug ladybird, Cryptolaemusmontrouzeri • this species is also native to the NT. The beetle can become well established (if orchard is suitable) and is effective in controlling mealybugs. Cryptolaemus adults Cryptolaemus adult and larva

  35. Commercially produced beneficials • Green lacewing larvae, Malladasignata • general predator, feeds on small insects or eggs e.g. scales, mealybugs, moth eggs and caterpillars. May be difficult to monitor after release. Check leaves for eggs on stalks.

  36. Commercially produced beneficials • Available from the supplier: Bugs for Bugs www.bugsforbugs.com.au • Before releasing predators: Determine if your orchard has suitable habitats for the predators to establish e.g. does it have shade and access to water. Orchards 5 years or older are generally more suitable than younger orchards. Also the rate of release needs to be discussed with the supplier.

  37. Ants Are they pests or beneficials?

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