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Critical materials and alternative for storage batteries

Critical materials and alternative for storage batteries . Anne de Guibert Boston December 3, 2010 . Agenda. Table of Storage Batteries Critical materials Lead-acid Nickel metal hydride batteries Li-ion batteries Other systems. Comparison of battery systems : power vs energy. 100,000.

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Critical materials and alternative for storage batteries

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  1. Critical materials and alternative for storage batteries Anne de Guibert Boston December 3, 2010

  2. Agenda • Table of Storage Batteries • Critical materials • Lead-acid • Nickel metal hydride batteries • Li-ion batteries • Other systems Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  3. Comparison of battery systems : power vs energy 100,000 Super capacitors Li-Ion Very High Power Lead acidspirally wound Li-Ion High Power Ni-Cd 1,000 Ni-MH Li-ion High Energy Specific power, W/kg at cell level Na / NiCl2 Na/S 100 LiM-Polymer Lead acid 10 1 40 0 20 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Specific energy, Wh/kg at cell level Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  4. Rare/Strategic elements for batteries Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  5. Lead-acid battery • Lead-acid batteries are used for SLI in conventional cars: • they will remain used in micro-hybrid (stop-and-start) slightly larger batteries • They also have many industrial applications: • traction (forklifts, AGVs) • standby (telecom networks, UPS, alarms, power plants, submarines …) • Lead-acid batteries positive electrodes are grids made of lead alloys: • the most common alloys use tin (0.5 to 1.2 %) ; some use a small amount of silver • Replacement : • tin decrease will reduce cycle life of automotive batteries • silver suppression will reduce life (corrosion increase) – not dramatic • no known solution Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  6. Maintenance free High Energy density more than 70 Wh/kg 140 Wh/dm3 Stable Power vs dod and life 2,000 cycles / 80% dod / RT 46,000 cycles / 20% dod/ 35°C Operation over large temperature range NiMH : a good, safe system for hybrid vehicles (Prius) or ELU Pass the most severe ELU tests (4 years float at 55 °C)Operation over large T° field More Pay load to the system (bus, heavy vehicles) Low Life Cycle Cost Allows best operation even with high voltage systems • Cost and availability issues : • NiMH negative electrode use rare earth materials (La, Ce, Nd, Pr) as negative oxide materials • Positive electrode material can use additives such as Y or Yb or Nb • 95 % of rare earths presently come from China which reduces exportation drastically • Availability decrease & price increase will contribute to faster move to Li-ion Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  7. LiMM’O2 Carbon Lithium-ion system Oxygen Ion lithium Ion nickel Carbon Séparator Electrolyte Séparator POSITIVE NEGATIVE Lithium ions present in positive and electrolyte salt Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  8. Lithium situation • Lithium production 2008: 27400 tons • Lithium stocks in salars 11 millions tons • Producers : 3 big companies + state Chinese companies Source : Usine Nouvelle Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  9. How much lithium needed for Li-ion : scenario 2020 • Necessary : 165 grams of equivalent metallic lithium /battery kWh • 3-4 kg for 1 electric car ; low price risk • Portable applications : • 2 billions cells in 2008; 1800 tons of equivalent metallic lithium contained • 8-10 % yearly growth : 4 500 tons en 2020 • 10 million electric cars : • 35 000 tons of equivalent metallic lithium contained • 10 000 storage systems of 1 MWh contained • 1 650 tons • Conclusion : realistic vs reserve, higher than yearly production of 27 000 tons • No recycling presently (insufficient volume of material to recycle) Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  10. Room for speculation • Lithium carbonate price was multiplied by 3 in 4 years • Offer is presently in excess (no shortage), but there are only 3 suppliers • All resources presently in exploitation are salars in Chile & Argentina, plus Chinese resource internally. Bolivia not yet exploited. • SQM (Chile, N°1) controls the market Price of Li2CO3 1990-2009 Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  11. Risks factors • Important risk factor if fast market increase : • 5-10 years needed to open a new exploitation • Long term stabilization factor : recycling • today, only metals are recycled (Co, Ni, Cu) • contained lithium finishes in slag • it could be recovered and recycled if the quantity is large enough • Other stabilization factor : ores which become exploitable if prices increase a lot. They have a better geographical repartition • Conclusion : • risk factor manageable for Li-ion • cost issue more difficult for primary lithium cells Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  12. Li-ion : stress on cobalt • Annual cobalt production : 63000 tons • batteries are consumer n°1 • High price ; volatile for geopolitical reasons (Congo, Chinese competition for African resources) • LiCoO2 is the “historical material” of Li-ion positive electrodes • Cobalt (CoO, Co(OH)2) is also used in alkaline NiCd, NiMH and NiZn • For Li-ion, it exists technical solutions to decrease cobalt content, or to eliminate for less stringent applications Co volatility 1989-2010 Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  13. Positive active material : reduction to cobalt exposure 100%Co Originallylly LiCoO2 : 15%Co 20-33%Co 0%Co O%Co Bruxelles 30 November 2010

  14. Other future systems • High temperature batteries (Nas, NaNiCl2) do not contain large quantities of critical materials • Air batteries (Li-air) need catalyst in the reversible air electrode : • could contain platinum or at least cobalt • Other sodium batteries could be an interesting research topic • Conclusion : • no alternative for NiMH materials • moderate lithium risk • cobalt exposure risk decrease is going on in Li-ion batteries Bruxelles 30 November 2010

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