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POETRY

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POETRY

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    1. POETRY

    2. POETRY-What is it? A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

    3. What is Poetry Anything written in meter Stressed and unstressed syllables Similar to music Writing that sounds musical If you like music you should enjoy poetry Poetry is nothing to be frightened of - we just need to learn ways of reading and understanding it.

    4. Look at how the lines break Line breaks - where you decide to cut the line, on what word Sentence - strange things happen to sentences in poetry - they can be stretched, cut, interrupted, fragmented - delayed resolution End-stopped lines Enjambment: A line which does not end with a grammatical break, that is, where the line cannot stand alone, cannot make sense without the following line

    5. Reading Poetry Note - when reading a poem out loud or to yourself, don't pause at the end of a line if there's not punctuation there--read "across the line“ if possible.

    6. How to “Read” Poems Speaker Every lyric poem has a speaker Define the speaker as precisely as possible Poems usually give you a clue as to who the speaker is Audience The characters whom the speaker is addressing Rhetorical Situation What is the reason the speaker is addressing the audience with these words

    7. “Maybe Dat’s Your Pwoblem, Too”

    8. POETRY FORM FORM/STRUCTURE - the appearance of the words on the page LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem STANZA - a group of lines arranged together A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day.

    9. KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza **bold terms indicate ones you will be tested on

    10. How to Read Poems Paraphrase Make sure you understand the basic meaning of the speaker’s words Look at the poem’s diction: the choice and order of words Your paraphrase usually will take more words than the poem itself Use a dictionary to understand unusual words Determine the literal level of the poem

    11. Diction/Word Choice She picked up a fruit from the ground, where it lay. She pilfered an apple that had fallen from its tree. The lovely woman stooped and grabbed the fallen apple.

    12. Buffalo Bill’s by E. E. Cummings page 1173 Buffalo Bill’s defunct who used to ride a watersmooth-silver stallion and break onetwothreefourfive pigeonsjustlikethat Jesus he was a handsome man and what I want to know is how do you like your blueeyed boy Mister Death

    13. Dialect We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks The Pool Players Seven at the Golden Shovel We real cool. We Left School. We Lurk late. We Strike straight. We Sing sin. We Thin gin. We Jazz June. We Die soon.

    14. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

    15. SIMILE A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.” “She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”

    16. METAPHOR A direct comparison of two unlike things “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.” - William Shakespeare

    17. PERSONIFICATION Giving human-like qualities to an object. “April Rain Song” Langston Hughes Let the rain kiss you Let the rain beat upon your head with silver liquid drops Let the rain sing you a lullaby The rain makes still pools on the sidewalk The rain makes running pools in the gutter The rain plays a little sleep song on our roof at night And I love the rain.

    18. “My Father as a Guitar” Martin Espada Similes? Metaphors? (Why metaphors rather than similes?) Personification? How might speaker’s dreams be related to father’s dreams of own mother? Speaker? Speaker’s attitude toward his father? How does comparison between speaker’s father and guitar help him express his feelings?

    19. OTHER POETIC DEVICES

    20. Allusion Allusion comes from the verb “allude” which means “to refer to” An allusion is a reference to something famous. Allusions are commonly made to the Bible, nursery rhymes, myths, famous fictional or historical characters or events, and Shakespeare

    21. Allusion, continued A tunnel walled and overlaid With dazzling crystal: we had read Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave, And to our own his name we gave. From “Snowbound” John Greenleaf Whittier

    22. Allusion, continued As the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up in the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic scrabbling behind a wall of rock indicated that there was anyone still alive". Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities".

    23. Allusions, continued "Marty's presence at the dance was definitely a 'Catch 22' situation; if he talked to Cindy she'd be mad at him, but if he ignored her there'd be hell to pay. His anger bubbled to the surface. He realized that by coming to the dance he had brought his problems with him like a Trojan Horse, and he could only hope he would be able to keep them bottled up".

    24. IMAGERY Language that appeals to the senses. Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell. What about the imagery in “Harlem”?

    25. “Harlem” Langston Hughes Page 918 What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore – And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over – like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?

    26. Other

    27. How to Read Poems--Other Determine the tone of the poem It is the same as in speech Tones in our voice Facial expressions Sarcasm Images Tone in a poem may reveal the true meaning It may reverse the literal meaning

    28. Look at the tone in “Harlem” What is the tone in the poem?

    29. SOUND EFFECTS

    30. RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

    31. SCANSION Scansion is the analysis of a line of poetry for foot and meter.

    32. METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern. When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

    33. METER cont. FOOT - unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables. Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. TYPES OF FEET The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. (cont.)

    34. METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic (Trochee) - stressed, unstressed

    35. METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

    36.                                                      Meter also refers to the number of feet in a line:

    37. METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines monometer = one foot on a line dimeter = two feet on a line trimeter = three feet on a line tetrameter = four feet on a line pentameter = five feet on a line hexameter = six feet on a line heptameter = seven feet on a line octometer = eight feet on a line

    38. FREE VERSE POETRY Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry. Remember “Sears Life”

    39. "The Red Wheelbarrow"(William Carlos Williams)                        so much depends                         upon                        a red wheel                         barrow                         glazed with rain                         water                         beside the white                         chickens.                        

    40. BLANK VERSE POETRY Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.

    41. RHYME Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. (A word always rhymes with itself.) LAMP STAMP Share the short “a” vowel sound Share the combined “mp” consonant sound Activity: Rhyme group game Activity: Rhyme group game

    42. END RHYME A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.

    43. INTERNAL RHYME A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

    44. RHYME SCHEME A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.) Activity: Rhyme Scheme group gameActivity: Rhyme Scheme group game

    45. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm. His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race. His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases. Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ.

    46. NEAR RHYME (slant rhyme) a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme/ slant rhyme or eye rhyme/near rhyme The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH ROSE LOSE Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound) Share the same consonant sound

    47. My Papa’s Waltz Theodore Roethke The whisky on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother’s countenance Could not unfrown itself.

    48. My Papa’s Waltz How does this examination of rhyme change your understanding of how the poem works as a whole? Find examples of real rhyme Find examples of slant rhyme How do these rhymes contribute to the meaning of the poem?

    49. ONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ from Tennyson's Come Down, O Maid: “The moan of doves in immemorial elms,/And murmuring of innumerable bees.” The repeated “m/n” sounds reinforce the idea of “murmuring” by imitating the hum of insects on a warm summer day.

    50. ALLITERATION Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick? Activity: Alliteration group gameActivity: Alliteration group game

    51. Henry W. Longfellow, "The Wreck of Hesperus" Then up and spake an old sailor,   Had sailed to the Spanish Main, "I pray thee, put into yonder port,   For I fear a hurricane."

    52. CONSONANCE Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . . The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . . “

    53. ASSONANCE Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. (Often creates near rhyme.) Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound.)

    54. ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” William Shakespeare Look at “The Fish”

    55. TYPES OF POETRY

    56. SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. The poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes,    I all alone between my outcast state, And trouble deaf Heaven with my bootless cries,    And look upon myself, and curse my fate, Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,    Featur'd like him, like him with friends possess'd, Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope,    With what I most enjoy contented least: Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,    Haply I think on thee,--and then my state (Like to the lark at break of day arising    From sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven's gate; For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings    That then I scorn to change my state with kings'.

    57. Source: Jeter, Ann

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