What is “ cultural diffusion ”?

1. What is “cultural diffusion”? • One culture taking over another • Cultures sharing and blending ideas • Destruction of a culture • A culture remaining the same #1 ANSWER: B

2. After the Peloponnesian War was over, what kingdom took over Greece? • Sparta • Persia • Athens • Macedonia #2 ANSWER: D

3. Who was Alexander talking about when he said, “I am indebted to my father for living, but I am indebted to my teacher for living WELL.” • Aristotle • Plato • Archimedes • Xerxes #3 ANSWER: A

4. What country was Alexander’s army in when his soldiers demanded to return home after being away for 11 years? • Egypt • Persia • Greece • India #4 ANSWER: D

5. What city became the center of trade, learning, and Hellenistic culture in the Mediterranean world during the time of Alexander? • Athens • Rome • Alexandria • Persepolis #5 ANSWER: C

6. THE ROMAN REPUBLICand THE ROMAN EMPIRE

7. Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire?

8. In addition to Greece, another significant classical civilization was ancient Rome

9. Impact of Geography on RomeIdentify one GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE and propose how it might impact the culture of Rome

10. The Geography of Rome Rome was located on the Italianpeninsula along the Mediterranean Sea The Romans were influenced by the Greeks and a neighboring tribe called the Etruscans

11. The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman religion was polytheistic and based on the Greek gods (usually only the names changed)

12. The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman writing was called Latin; it was based on Greek writing

13. The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman architecture borrowed heavily from Greek styles

14. The Culture of Ancient Rome Like Greek agoras, Roman cities had a forum for markets and public gatherings

15. Ancient Roman Society Roman society was divided into three major groups At the top were the nobles (called patricians); they controlled most of the land and held key military and government positions

16. Ancient Roman Society Roman society was divided into three major groups Patricians made up 5% of all Roman citizens

17. The Life of the Patricians

18. Ancient Roman Society Most Roman people were commoners (called plebeians); they were farmers, shopkeepers, or peasants

19. Ancient Roman Society Plebeians paid the majority of taxes collected in the Roman Republic; they made up 95% of Roman citizens

20. The Life of the Plebeians

21. Ancient Roman Society At the bottom of society were slaves and residents of the Roman Republic who were not Roman

22. Quick Class Discussion: Based upon this image, what was Roman government like?

23. The Government of Ancient Rome When Rome was first founded, it was ruled by kings; but in 509 BCE, the Romans created a republic

24. The Government of Ancient Rome A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the power to elect their leaders

25. The most important feature of the republic was the Senate, whose 300 members were elected by citizens to make laws and taxes

26. The Government of Ancient Rome In 451 BCE, government officials wrote down Rome’s laws onto the Twelve Tables, which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens of Rome had a right to the protection of the law

27. The Government of Ancient Rome The Twelve Tables made clear how the law would be applied to Roman citizens

28. Real Laws from the 12 Tables • A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. • If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father.

29. Real Laws from the 12 Tables • If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain.

30. Real Laws from the 12 Tables • A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock. • The women shall not tear their faces nor wail on account of the funeral. 

32. The United States also has a republican government, very similar to the one of Ancient Rome

33. The Roman Military Rome was protected by an advanced army of professional soldiers (not part-time soldiers who were farmers or merchants by trade)

34. The Roman Military Rome had the largest army in the Mediterranean at the time; it was also highly organized The Roman soldiers were divided into groups of 5000 men called legions

35. Each legion was divided into smaller groups of 80 men (called centuries) commanded by elitesoldiers called centurions

36. The highly organized command structure ensured that legions could be rapidly deployed against the enemy

37. Advances in military technology (such as catapults) enabled the professional Roman soldiers to not only defend the Romans’ territory, but to expand it

39. THE PUNIC WARS The Romans went to war with a neighboring kingdom, Carthage (based in northern Africa)

41. THE PUNIC WARS The Carthaginians engaged the Romans in three long wars over the course of about a hundred years

42. THE PUNIC WARS Led by the great general Hannibal, the Carthaginians nearly defeated the Romans in the second war; they invaded the Italian peninsula and almost captured Rome

43. THE PUNIC WARS The Romans held the Carthaginians off, then completely destroyed Carthage in their third war

44. THE PUNIC WARS With Carthage’s defeat, the Romans were then the most dominant power in the Mediterranean, carving out an enormous empire

45. Controlling this massive territory, though, would present new problems for the Romans ROMAN TERRITORY

46. PROBLEMS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Rome’s expanding territory brought wealth, but also brought issues: The new lands brought more slaves, which created a job shortage for Roman citizens Generals who controlled the army became more powerful than Senators

47. PROBLEMS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Rome’s expanding territory brought wealth, but also brought issues: People flocked to the big cities from farms, which created food supply shortages Struggles for power led to a series of civil wars between Romans

48. JULIUS CAESAR From the turmoil within the Roman Republic, a new political leader emerged: a general named Julius Caesar

49. Julius Caesar partnered with two other Roman politicians to take control of Rome (they formed a triumvirate) Julius was extremely popular with the Roman people, due to his great military victories

50. Julius Caesar gathered more power to himself, while looking to solvethe Roman Republic’s problems by initiating reforms Caesar named himself dictator-for-life in 46 BCE, which weakened the Senators’ power a great deal