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Telecommunications Industry Association TR-30.3/08-07-012 Arlington, VA July 14 - 15, 2008. v1.0 - 20050426. TIA-921 improvements Chip Webb, CTO – Anue Systems July 2008 - Arlington. www.anuesystems.com. Outline. Areas for future work Bandwidth Limitation Duplicate test cases
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Telecommunications Industry Association TR-30.3/08-07-012 Arlington, VA July 14 - 15, 2008 Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com v1.0 - 20050426
TIA-921 improvements Chip Webb, CTO – Anue Systems July 2008 - Arlington www.anuesystems.com
Outline • Areas for future work • Bandwidth Limitation • Duplicate test cases • Behavior with CBR versus VBR sources • Time correlation of forward/reverse model • Conclusions Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Bandwidth limitations • TIA-921 does not require policing or shaping of user data • This is wrong for several reasons: • In real-life, a rate-limited link drops packets when the user bit rate exceeds the link bit rate. • In real life, a rate-limited link drops packet bursts that exceed the available buffer size. • In real life, a rate-limited link smooths out traffic bursts. The amount of that effect will depend on link utilization and the proportion of user traffic that that represents. Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Example: Bandwidth smoothing effect Bursty Input Pkts p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p7 p8 time Egress Queue Input Pkts Output Pkts Note: P5 is dropped. Note: The output bit rate for this example is ½ the input bit rate. The effect is even more pronounced for larger ratios (such as T1/GigE). Smoothed Output Pkts p1 p2 p3 p4 p6 p7 p8 time Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Duplicate Test cases • The TIA-921 model is unidirectional • The code in the reference model ignores reverse link bit rates, except for calculating LOOs • Examples: • TIA-921: TC10 and TC19 are same (A2B) • TIA-921-A: TC49 and TC73 are same (A2B) • Summary: • TIA-921: 92 of the 120 have duplicates • TIA-921-A: 48 of 96 Lan2Lan cases have dupes. Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
TIA-921 Duplicates (A2B) direction Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
TIA-921-A Lan2Lan Duplicates (A2B) Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Reverse model correspondence • For the reverse model of each rate combination, there exists at least one equivalent forward rate combination. • Examples: • TIA-921: TC13 B2A same as A2B in 13,22,46&60 • TIA-921-A: TC13 B2A same as A2B in 49&73 • Some rate combos are symmetric and are thus their own reverse (e.g. 1,2,3) Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
TIA-921 Reverse (B2A) Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
TIA-921-A Reverse (B2A) Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Model behavior, CBR versus VBR • A fundamental assumption is that the model calculates new impairment values for approximately each packet • Thus we used 1ms update rate for 1k pps voice • And we used a 50us update rate for DTV • But, if traffic is bursty, and a whole burst of packets arrives during a timeslot which is marked for drop, the entire burst can get clobbered merely by being unlucky. • The model should have a way to handle bursty traffic more correctly. Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Time correlation of fwd/rev • For bidirectional emulation using the model, we must create two instances of the model • One for the forward link and one for the reverse. • These two models are not time correlated • Therefore congestion in the forward link is uncorrelated with congestion in the reverse link. Link failure and route flap are also uncorrelated. • I believe that in the real world there will be significant correlation between the two directions. • The model should have a way to mimic this behavior. • This leads to uncontrolled assymetry of delay • Certain services may be sensitive to delay assymetry • e.g. Two-way time transfer: NTP, PTP and CESoETH Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com
Conclusions • Bandwidth limiting and smoothing are important missing components of the existing model and should be added. • The rate combinations contain some redundancy that leads to confusion. Further work is required to determine if there’s a better way to designate the various rate combinations • VBR traffic can be “unlucky” and get zapped. Further works is required to determine how to address this • Forward and reverse models have no time correlation. This should be added to the model. Anue Systems, Inc. www.anuesystems.com