Thoughts about Computer Science Research in Information-rich Applications Areas William Y. Arms

1. Thoughts about Computer Science Research in Information-rich Applications Areas William Y. Arms Cornell University March 14, 2000

2. Changes in Computer Science • Over 25 years, computer science has broadened • From: a narrow range of academic topics • To include: • systems • human computer interactions • economic, legal, and social aspects

3. Computer Science Today • Past achievements in computer science are a powerful force in the national prosperity. • Universities have excellent students who have tremendous opportunities. • An extensive body of theoretical and practical knowledge has accumulated. • Exciting research can be found in every direction.

4. Approaches to Computer Science Research Applications Experimentation Theory

5. Computing and Information Science(Cornell) • Interdisciplinary partnerships: • Computational biology, genomics, protein folding, etc. • Computational science • Computer graphics, architecture, design, film-making • Digital libraries, information management • Computational finance, economics • Computer science can contribute to each of these fields. • Each field can stimulate new research in computer science.

6. The University as a Test Bed • University tradition of innovation in computing: • Time sharing (MIT, Dartmouth) • Networks and distributed computing (Carnegie Mellon, MIT) • Online information (Illinois, etc.) • Wireless and nomadic computing (???) • Advantages: • Tight feedback loop between researcher and user • Innovation valued for its own sake • Access to resources (equipment, people, money)

7. Research Partners Academic research Industrial R&D Entrepreneurs

8. Example: Digital Libraries • In 1990, there were many experiments in building digital libraries: • CORE (Bellcore, Cornell, OCLC) Lesk, et al. • Gopher (Minnesota) Gopher team • Mercury (Carnegie Mellon) Arms, et al. • WAIS (Thinking Machines) Kahle, et al. • World Wide Web (CERN) Berners-Lee, et al. • Z 39.50 (Major libraries) Lynch, et al. The leaders of all projects were either computer scientists or had spent most of their working life in state-of-the-art computing.

9. Foundations of the Web TechnologyAncestors Internet ARPAnet/NSFnet, X.25, ISO URL Domain Name System HTML SGML, TeX, PostScript HTTP TCP / FTP / Gopher, Z 39.50, SQL MIME Email, ODA Security None, SNA, Kerberos Business model None, pay-by-use, subscription

10. Example: Web Search Engines • Lycos (Mauldin, Carnegie Mellon) • Technical basis: • Research in text-skimming (Ph.D. thesis) • Pursuit free text retrieval engine (TREC) • Robot exclusion research (private interest) • Organizational basis: • Center for Machine Translation • Grant flexibility (DARPA)

11. Example: Web Search Engines • Google (Page and Brin, Stanford) • Technical basis: • Research in ranking hyperlinks (Ph.D. thesis) • Organizational basis: • Grant flexibility (NSF Digital Libraries Initiative) • Equipment grant (Hewlett Packard)

12. The Internet Graph • Theoretical research in graph theory • Six degrees of separation • Pareto distributions • Algorithms • Hubs and authorities (Kleinberg, Cornell) • Empirical data • Commercial (Yahoo!, Google, Alexa, AltaVista, Lycos) • Not-for-profit (Internet Archive)

13. The Limits of the Web • The web has grown upon existing computer science • knowledge. • The strengths of that knowledge have enabled • enormous growth. • The limits of that knowledge have constrained the • growth. Al Demers

14. The Web: Limits to Growth -- Databases Transaction processing databases: e.g, Amazon.com The biggest online systems ever built, with many computers around the world. Desirable features: • No interruptions • No transactions ever lost • Secure from all intruders In practice some transactions are lost; data is sometimes inconsistent. This is acceptable for selling books, but what about banking?

15. The Web: Limits to Growth -- Security Why is security on the Internet so difficult? 1. Public key encryption invented in mid-1980s, yet widespread deployment remains elusive. 2. System security is riddled with loopholes • operating system security developed when operating systems were simple monitors • now operating systems are very complex and hence vulnerable • language based security seeks for simpler interfaces to attach security Fred Schneider

16. The Web: Limits to Growth -- Security The Internet is based on stateless protocols routing http Stateless protocols have allowed flexible growth, but inhibit certain controls junk email denial of service attacks Can we quantify the trade-off?

17. Priorities Function academic research industry Cost Schedule

18. Priorities: Andrew File System Industry Carnegie Mellon Campus file system (1985) IBM (1989) Coda research Microsoft (2000)

19. Two Fears • Two fears for digital libraries: • Librarians will ignore the expertise of computer science. • Computer scientists will ignore the insights of librarians. • Two fears for X: • Specialists in X will ignore the expertise of computer science. • Computer scientists will ignore the insights of specialists in X.

20. Thoughts for the NSF • Applications and computer science need to be side by side. • Big projects appear to be more productive than small ones. • Inter-disciplinary collaboration cannot be forced.

21. Thoughts about Computer Science Research in Information-rich Applications Areas William Y. Arms Cornell University March 14, 2000