Soil Moisture Retention

1. Soil Moisture Retention Laboratory #5

2. Objectives • Know the definitions of oven dry, saturation, evapotranspiration, permanent wilting point, field capacity, macropore, micropore, and available water content. • Know how to calculate bulk density, soil water content (by weight and by volume), available water percentage, percent pore space, volume of macropores and micropores.

3. Soil Moisture • There are three moisture terms that you must be familiar with in order to understand the relationship between soil water and plant growth: oven dry, saturated, and field capacity.

4. Oven Dry • Soil consists of soil particles and pore spaces, which are filled with gases such as oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and dinitrogen (N2). • When all of the pore space is filled with gases, the soil is said to be oven dry. • An oven drysoil is defined as a soil that has been dried at 105°C until it reaches constant weight and contains no water.

5. Saturated • A saturatedsoil has all of the pore space filled with water. • At this point the soil is at its maximum retentive capacity. http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrsoil/CDI32F6.gif

6. Field Capacity • Following a rain or irrigation, a portion of the water from saturated soils will drain from the soil due to gravity. • After two to three days the gravitational drainage will become negligible. • At this time the soil is said to be atfield capacity.

7. Field Capacity & Pores • The remaining water is found in the micropores and the water drained from the soil was lost from the macropores. • The micropores are small enough that the adhesive and cohesive forces holding the water to the pore wall are stronger than the gravitational force trying to drain the soil.

8. Micropores & Macropores • Although there is no clear size specification of the pores, generally pores larger than 0.06 mm are considered macropores, and those smaller than 0.06 mm are micropores. http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/images/16images/16.1.1macro&micropores.jpg

9. Volume of Macropores • The volume of the macropores is equal to the volume of the water that has drained from the saturated soil to reach field capacity. • For example, you have 100 cm3 in a saturated soil but when the soil reaches field capacity, you are left with 65 cm3. • What is the volume of macropores? 35 cm3

10. Volume of Micropores • The volume of micropores equals the volume of water remaining in the soil at field capacity. • In the previous example, we had 65 cm3 of water remaining in the soil at field capacity. • What is the volume of micropores? 65 cm3

11. Evapotranspiration • Most of the water that plants absorb from the soil is lost through evaporation at the leaf surfaces. • Simultaneously water is evaporated from the soil. • The combined loss of water from the soil and from plants is termed evapotranspiration.

12. Evapotranspiration T=Transpiration=The water loss from plant leaves E=Evaporation=The water loss due to the change of water from a liquid state to a vapor state http://www.cimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/images/eto_overview.gif

13. Wilting • As the soil dries, plant available water decreases. • The initial response of plants is wilting. • At the first onset of wilting, most plants can recover during times of reduced evapotranspiration (i.e. night). http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/field/less_corn06.htm

14. Permanent Wilting Point • As the soil continues to dry, the plants reach a point at which they cannot recover during periods of reduced evapotranspiration. • The plants are then in a permanently wilted condition. • The soil moisture content of the soil when plants no longer can recover from daytime wilting is called the permanent wilting point.

15. Relationships http://attra.ncat.org/images/soil_moisture/soil_matrix.gif

16. Plant Available Water • Plant available water is exactly as the name implies, it is the unbound water that is available to plants for uptake. • This is calculated by subtracting the water content at field capacity from the soil water content at the permanent wilting point.

17. Plant Available Water Example • If we have 65 cm3 of water at field capacity, and are left with 13 cm3 at the permanent wilting point, what is our plant available water? 52 cm3

18. Plant Available Water http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag4521-6.gif

19. Relationships -31 bars -15 bars -1/3 bars 0 bars Oven Dry Drained 2 Days Saturated Oven Dry Air Dry Wilt. Point Field Capacity Saturated Micropores Macropores Unavailable for Plants Available for Plants Unavailable Dry Wet

20. Note on Calculations • Soil water calculations may be done on either a weight or volume basis. • Most of the calculations are first done on a weight basis and then converted to a volume basis. • Volume measurements are important because a plant does not grow in a weight of soil, it grows in a volume of soil. • Volume measurements are also important because when we are dealing with pore space, we are working with volume of pores, not weight of pores.

21. Questions?