A REPUBLICAN DECADE

2. A REPUBLICAN DECADE Presidents Waren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge – DOMESTIC & FOREIGN POLICIES

3. Quick Review • Who was president during WWI? • What party was he affiliated with? • What happened in the US and abroad following WWI? … • Why would people vote Republican then in 1921?

4. 1920s • Republicans controlled all 3 branches of government • Presidents – Harding, Coolidge, Hoover • Held majority in Congress • Supreme Court – chief justice former President Taft

5. Harding – Foreign Policy • Isolationism – • rejected membership in League of Nations • Disarmament – • program where nations voluntarily gave up weapons • Washington Conference • Fordney-McCumber Tariff – • raised import taxes • discouraged imports that competed with American goods • Tariff angers European countries trying to pay back debt; US government reduces its own debts. • Dawes Plan- • payment schedule for German reparations, reorganized German Bank, approved loan to Germany

6. Harding – Domestic Policy • Nativism – • favor native born Americans • Due to Patriotism, Religion, Urban Conditions, Jobs, Red Scare • Congress passes National Origins Act of 1924 – places quota on ethnic groups • Introduced anti-lynching legislation & wanted to see All Americans treated as equals • Teapot Dome Scandal – • Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall secretly sold oil-drilling rights on government oil fields

7. Coolidge – Foreign Policies • Kellogg-Briand Pact • 15 nations pledged not to use the threat of war on one another • More than 60 nations eventually join • Had no provisions for enforcement

8. Coolidge – Domestic Policy • Laissez-faire “The chief business of the American people is business” • Lowered income & inheritance taxes • Higher tariffs benefiting domestic manufacturing • Did not regulate stock buying on easy credit • Would not help victims of natural disasters

9. Republican Trends in 1920s • Favored business • Sought social stability • Believed social stability fostered economic growth

10. Vocabulary Corresponds with page 1 in your packets

11. Socialism • An economic and political philosophy • Favors public (or “social”) control instead of private control of property and income • Requires strong government regulation

12. Communism • Official ideology of Soviet Union • Complete government ownership of all means of production • Lack of individual rights

13. Capitalism • economic system in which property is privately owned and goods are privately produced • sometimes referred to as the private enterprise system • In this system, individuals can maximize profits because they own the means of production

14. Demobilization • To disband military units, dispose of their equipment and return their personnel to civilian life, most notably after the end of a war • Related: Disarmament • Program in which nations of the world voluntarily give up their weapons

15. Red Scare • Anti communism in the US in 1919 and 1920 which included a gov’t crackdown focusing on foreigners and labor unions • Left-winged supporters became suspects • Left-wing : radical, liberal, leaning toward socialism or political change to improve public well-being

16. Palmer Raids: • Part of the postwar "Red Scare” • Targeted foreign-born radicals • Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer instructed agents of the Justice Department to raid offices and homes • arrested thousands of people • often without warrants • destroyed property and conducting unlawful searches * With all this unconstitutionality, it is no coincidence that the American Civil Liberties Union was founded in the same year as the Palmer raids occurred.

17. Related: Quota • A numerical limit • Placed on different ethnic groups during 1920s so only an exact amount of people could enter the US from that particular country

18. Emma Goldman • United States anarchist (born in Russia) who opposed conscription • Deported to the Soviet Union in 1919 • Known for her political activism, writing, and speeches

19. Isolationism • Policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations • Foreign policy after WWI in which U.S. refused to join the League of Nations or engage in diplomatic alliances • lasted until U.S. entry into World War II

20. Teapot Dome Scandal • Political scandal during Harding administration • Involved granting oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money. • Corruption; Tarnishes reputation of Harding administration

21. Kellogg-Briand Pact • Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another • 15 nations pledged not to use the threat of war on one another • More than 60 nations eventually join • Had no provisions for enforcement

22. Fordney-McCumber Tarriff Act • raised import taxes • discouraged imports that competed with American goods • Tariff angers European countries trying to pay back debt; US government reduces its own debts.

23. American Plan • A term that most U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions • Promoted union-free open shops • As a result, union membership in 1920 shrank from 5 million to some 3.6 million in 1923

24. Merger • The combination of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock.