Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Chapter 6 Population and Development PPT byClark E. Adams

2. Population and Development • Reassessing the demographic transition • Promoting development – good and bad news • A new direction: social modernization • The Cairo conference

3. What Is Unique about Kerala?

4. Kerala When Compared to India • Life expectancy 71 years versus 61 for India • Infant mortality 17/1,000 versus 72/1,000 for India • Fertility rate 1.8 versus 3.3 for India

5. Kerala When Compared to India • 95% literacy rate • All villages in state have access to school and modern health services • Women as well educated as men

6. In Brief, This Chapter Is About • Improving the lives of people • Reducing fertility rates • Protecting the environment

7. Reassessing the Demographic Transition • Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty • Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated • Both poverty and development are threats to the health of the environment

8. Demographic Transition: Developed and Developing Countries

9. The Demographic Window

10. Fertility Rate and Income

11. Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries • Old age security • Infant and childhood mortality rates • Children are an economic asset • Importance of education • Status of women • Availability of contraceptives

12. The Poverty Cycle

13. How the Work Gets Done in Developing Countries

14. Discuss Interrelationships of Factors Influencing Family Size • Importance of education and children viewed as economic assets or liabilities • Status of women and importance of education • Income and old age security • Cultural views on child-bearing • Contraceptive use and availability

15. Contraceptive Prevalence and Fertility Rates Fertility Rate Percent Using Contraceptive

16. Contraceptives • Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method • Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms • Chemical: the pill, Norplant • Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy • Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

17. Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates

19. Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global Comparison

20. Promoting Development: Good and Bad News • Millennium development goals • World agencies at work • The debt crisis • Development aid

21. Some Sobering Facts • One-fifth of the world’s population (1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day • 1.5 billion lack access to clean water • 2.4 billion lack access to sanitary facilities

22. Some Sobering Facts • 790 million are malnourished • Environmental degradation is rampant • Fertility rates highest in poorest countries

23. Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2) • Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Achieve universal primary education • Promote gender equality and empower women • Reduce child mortality

24. Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2) • Improve maternal health • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases • Ensure environmental sustainability • Forge a global partnership for development

25. Millennium Development Goal

26. World Agencies at Work: The World Bank • Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals • Environmental strategy: Making Sustainable Commitments

27. World Agencies at Work: The World Bank • No increased GNP • Increased absolute poverty • Large-scale decentralized projects: hydroelectric dams • Large cattle operations (see Fig. 6-9) • Cash crops

28. World Bank Reform • Improving the quality of life • Improving the quality of growth • Improving the quality of the regional and global commons

29. The Debt Crisis • $2.44 trillion in 2001 • The typical credit–debt trap • Creditor countries primary beneficiaries

30. Coping with the Debt Crisis • Grow cash crops • Develop austerity measures • Exploit natural resources

31. Development Aid

32. A New Direction: Social Modernization • Improving education for girls and women • Improving health and lowering infant mortality • Making family planning accessible • Enhancing income through employment opportunities • Improving resource management

33. The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

34. Effect of AIDS on Future Population Structure

35. Impacts of AIDS Epidemic • 90% of all HIV-infected people (50 million by 2004) live in developing countries • Life expectancy in Botswana was 61 years in 1980 – now 39 years • One million elementary students lost teachers • 25 million AIDS orphans in developing world by 2010

36. Family Planning • Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, spacing children, pregnancy avoidance • Supplying contraceptives • Pre- and postnatal care

37. More or Less? • Cutbacks in family-planning services lead to (more or less) unwanted pregnancies and (more or less) demand for abortions.

38. Employment and Income: Grameen Bank Loans (Microlending) • Primarily to women • Do not upset existing social structure • Utilize local resources • Utilize central work places • Help develop self-reliance

39. Resource Management • Replant trees • Prevent erosion • Resource management educational programs

40. Putting It All Together: Social Development

41. The 1994 Cairo Conference • All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly. • Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action)

42. The 1994 ICPD Program of Action • Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources • Empowerment of women • Emphasis on family

43. The 1994 ICPD Program of Action • Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children • Improve education opportunities for women • Reduce population migrations • International cooperation (0.7% GNP of developed world)

44. End of Chapter 6