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General Geology: Raining Water

General Geology: Raining Water. Instructor: Prof. Dr. Boris Natalin. Running water. Distribution of Earth water. All water reservoirs constitute the hydrosphere. The hydrologic cycle. Infiltration . Runoff. Rate of rain is greater than the rate of infiltration Sheet flow Rill Stream .

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General Geology: Raining Water

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  1. General Geology: Raining Water Instructor: Prof. Dr. Boris Natalin

  2. Running water

  3. Distribution of Earth water All water reservoirs constitute the hydrosphere

  4. The hydrologic cycle Infiltration

  5. Runoff • Rate of rain is greater than the rate of infiltration • Sheet flow • Rill • Stream

  6. Streamflow • Laminar flow • Turbulent flow River system consists of 1) zone of erosion, 2) zone of sediment transport, and 3) zone of sediment deposition

  7. Streamflow

  8. Gradient The slope of the stream is expressed as a vertical drop over specific distance Discharge

  9. Changes downstream • Head or headwaters and mouth • Longitudinal profile of a stream

  10. Base level and graded stream profiles Sea level = base level = ultimate base level Local base level:Lakes Resistant rocksLarger streams

  11. Base level and graded streams

  12. Stream erosion • Abrasion is the destruction by lifted particles (sandpaper)

  13. Stream erosion Potholes are created by abrasive action of swirling particles

  14. Transport of sediment by stream Streams sort transported rock fragments in accord with their sizes Types of sediment load transported by streams: 1) Dissolved load 2) Suspended load 3) Bed load

  15. Bed load • Rolling • Sliding • Saltation (jumping)

  16. Transport of sediment by stream • Capacity • Competence

  17. Deposition of sediments by streams Material deposited by streams is called alluvium.

  18. Deposition of sediments by streams Braided rivers

  19. Meandering streams

  20. Meanders

  21. Stream valley Located closer to water heads • Vertical walls – canyons • V-shape

  22. Stream valley: V-shape

  23. Stream valley: Wide valley (U-shape) • Erosional floodplain • Depositional floodplain

  24. Incised Meanders and Terraces • Drop of base level • Terraces helps in studies of uplift history • Slip rate of the North Anatolian fault

  25. Deposition of sediments by streams: Natural Levees • Fine grained sediment • Natural levees • Back swarms

  26. Alluvial fans • Alluvial fans are formed at the abrupt drop in stream gradient

  27. Deltas (Δ, Herodotus for Nile)

  28. Drainage network

  29. Drainage pattern

  30. Headway erosion

  31. Stream piracy • River cuts through ridge or mountain • Antecedent valleys • Wind gaps

  32. Stages of valley development • A – youth (V-shape) • B and C – maturity • D - old

  33. Rejuvenation of old river

  34. Rejuvenation of old river: closer view

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