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Particle Accelerators

Particle Accelerators. or Making subatomic particles go very fast! Philip Burrows John Adams Institute, Oxford University Visiting Oxford Fellow, Canterbury University. Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva. In case you missed it ….

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Particle Accelerators

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  1. Particle Accelerators or Making subatomic particles go very fast! Philip Burrows John Adams Institute, Oxford University Visiting Oxford Fellow, Canterbury University Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  2. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  3. In case you missed it … All eyes on collider as it comes to life Will atom smasher signal end of the world? Le LHC, un succès européen à célébrer Large Hadron Collider e International Linear Collider a caccia del bosone di Higgs Wir stoßen die Tür zum dunklen Universum auf Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  4. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva First protons September 10th Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  5. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  6. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  7. The fastest racetrack on the planet The protons will reach 99.9999991% speed of light, and go round the 27km ring 11,000 times per second Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  8. The emptiest vacuum in the solar system Ten times more atmosphere on the Moon than inside LHC beam pipes Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  9. The coldest places in the galaxy The LHC operates at -271 C (1.9K), colder than outer space. A total of 36,800 tonnes are cooled to this temperature. The largest refrigerator ever Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  10. The hottest spots in the galaxy When the two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures 1000 million times hotter than the heart of the sun, but in a minuscule space Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  11. The biggest detectors ever built Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  12. The biggest detectors ever built To sample and record the debris from up to 600 million proton collisions per second, we are building gargantuan devices to measure particles with micron precision. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  13. The most extensive computer system To analyse the data tens of thousands of computers around the world are being harnessed in the Grid Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  14. First event 10 September 2008 Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  15. Why build accelerators? Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  16. Uncovering the origin of the universe Big Bang now Older ….. larger … colder ….less energetic Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  17. Telescopes to the early universe Big Bang now Older ….. larger … colder ….less energetic Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  18. Composition of the universe Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  19. Why build accelerators? • Want to see what matter is made of • Smash matter apart and look for the building blocks • Take small pieces of matter: • accelerate them to very high energy • crash them into one another • LHC: protons crashing into protons head-on Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  20. Why colliders? • The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  21. Why colliders? • The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions 60 mph stationary Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  22. Why colliders? • The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions 60 mph stationary 30 mph 30 mph Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  23. Why colliders? • The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions For speeds well below light speed: same damage! 60 mph stationary 30 mph 30 mph Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  24. Why colliders? Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  25. Why colliders? • Now try this with protons moving near light speed stationary Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  26. Why colliders? • Now try this with protons moving near light speed stationary Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  27. Why colliders? For the same physics, 14,000 times the energy of each proton in the LHC stationary Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  28. Why colliders? Most of the energy goes into carrying the momentum forward Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  29. Why colliders? All the energy available for smashing up the protons Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  30. High energy is critical • Size of structure we can probe with a collider like LHC • = h / p(de Broglie, 1924) • h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10**-34 Js • p = momentum of protons • The larger the momentum (energy), the smaller the size Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  31. How to accelerate protons to high energies? • protons carry electric CHARGE  feel electric force proton Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  32. Accelerating protons • Apply an electric field  accelerate! Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  33. Accelerating protons • Apply an electric field  accelerate! Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  34. Accelerating protons • Apply an electric field  accelerate! - + V Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  35. Accelerating protons • Apply an electric field  accelerate! - + V Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  36. Accelerating protons • Apply an electric field  accelerate! - + V Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  37. Accelerating electrons - + V Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  38. Accelerating electrons - + V Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  39. Accelerating electrons Energy ~ voltage - + V Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  40. The early days Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  41. The early days - + Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  42. The early days X-rays Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  43. First use of an accelerator in medicine! Mrs. Roentgen’s hand Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  44. Cockcroft – Walton Accelerator 800,000 Volts Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  45. Van de Graaff Accelerator 1500,000 Volts Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  46. How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] Size probed[metres] Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  47. How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) Size probed[metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  48. How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) 1000,000,000 (Giga) Size probed[metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 1 Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  49. How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) 1000,000,000 (Giga) 1000,000,000,000 (Tera) Size probed[metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 1 Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

  50. How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) 1000,000,000 (Giga) 1000,000,000,000 (Tera) LHC: 7000,000,000,000 7 trillion Volts Size probed[metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 01 10**-20 metres Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/08

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