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BIG Science… Required to achieve sustainability

BIG Science… Required to achieve sustainability. Mayda M. Velasco Oct. 31, 2013. Big Science necessary to achieve sustainability…. Crucial for renewable energy Like fusion, fission, solar energy, biofuels , etc. Development of new materials Understanding of climate change Etc….

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BIG Science… Required to achieve sustainability

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  1. BIG Science…Required to achieve sustainability Mayda M. Velasco Oct. 31, 2013

  2. Big Science necessary to achieve sustainability… • Crucial for renewable energy • Like fusion, fission, solar energy, biofuels, etc. • Development of new materials • Understanding of climate change • Etc…

  3. Sidecomment: Wedohave climatechange

  4. Without BigScience new sources of energy, like fusion, will not happen.. Big impact to our future

  5. Let’s discuss “Basic Science” 1st : • Answers fundamental questions • what? how? why? • Pursues scientific ideals • accuracy, purity, correctness • Formalises unifying theories • expressed in the language of mathematics • Accumulates convincing evidence • by repeatable scientific experiment Pursued for the sake of scientific glory • “Knowledge for the sake of knowledge” Far in advance of commercial need

  6. http://www7.nationalacademies.org/internationalstudents/ Also used as a Measures ofInternational Standing -- Authorship Trends --

  7. Up to the World powers…

  8. We need to check what is the latest at the national level… a lot has changed in the last decade

  9. Basic Science Big Science • A term used to describe a series of changes in science which has occurred in industrial nations during and after WW II, when the making of science shifted from individual or small group efforts, or “Small Science,” to relying on large-scale heavily funded projects “Scientific Glory”: Born from National Pride and Security…

  10. First Big Science Project in the United States - Manhattan Project • During World War II, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt started a secret government project to develop the world’s first atomic bomb. This secret weapon program employed more than 130,000 people over 30 different research and production sites and cost $2 billion ($24 billion in today’s dollar). Oak Ridge Facility in Tennessee Calutron at the secret Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tenn. Used to enrich uranium fuel required for nuclear weapons. (Source: DOE)

  11. Since then, National Labs have become common in the USA. Ex. In Illinois: • Laboratories and Institutes join to create a largecentrallab, whichlaterattractsanincreasingnumberofusers • Ex: Fermi National AcceleratorLab. in Batavia, Il • The big centresmay evolve and alsohave industrial character, whichrequiresprofessional public relation activity • Ex: Argonne National Lab., Downers Grove, Il

  12. Some Characteristics of Projects in Big Science • Last for decades (Proposal, Construction, Commissioning, Operation, Upgrades…) • Involve thousands of individuals • interdisciplinary teams of scientists, engineers, technicians • Pursuing broad, but coherent vision for the advancement of science (problem-directed goals) • Extensive instrumentation (accelerators, telescopes, super-computers, etc.) • Work is often distributed • Processing of large volumes of data

  13. Characteristic of Big Science • Big budgets: Increased government support meant scientists were no longer required to rely on philanthropy or industry • Big staffs & laboratories: The number of practitioners of science on any one project grew • “controversy”: assignment of credit for scientific discoveries (e.g. the Nobel Prize system allows awarding only 3 individuals in any one topic ) • Big machines: The use of many machines, e.g. many sequencers used during the Human Genome Project, enormous particle accelerators

  14. Few Examples Big Science

  15. Space Race (1957 to 1975) • It is debatable whether "science" was much of a part of the Space Race, there’s no doubt that it definitely filled the "Big" part of "Big Science.” The USA spent approximately $100 billion competing with the Soviet Union in space exploration. 1957 1969: Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the moon, photo taken by N.Armstrong (Photo: NASA)

  16. Human Genome Project (1990-2003) • The Human Genome Project is a project to sequence the entire 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up the human DNA and identify all the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes that make up our genome. • Analysis of the data is ongoing till today. • Ethical, legal and social cost are still under debate. • $3 billion

  17. International Space Station (1995) • The ISS is a joint collaboration of space agencies of several countries … Is not so much a scientific project as an exercise of engineering prowess and political will! • The European Space Agency estimates that the entire station costs €100 billion over a period of 30 years. Critics pointed out that the amount of science being done is paltry as compared to the sums of money being spent, but its advocates defended the program as a necessary first step towards manned exploration of space. • Future… privatization of such facilities! Space Shuttle Atlantis docked to Russian Mir Space Station in 1995 (Photo: NASA)

  18. Hubble Space Telescope(1990-2010) • True Scientific Instrument… cost over $3 billion • Discovery of: • Dark Energy • Earth like Planets • New knowledge and measurements on • Planet formation • Age of the universe • Dark Matter

  19. Super Kamiokande (2001) • Every second, 50 trillion solar neutrinos pass through your body • The Super-K is basically a tank filled with 50,000 tons of ultra-pure water, buried some 1,000 m (3,280 ft) underground ( >$1 billion) • New measurements • Lifetime of the proton • Validation of models describing the Sun and Atmosphere • Discoveries (Nobel -- 2002) • Neutrinos have mass • Oscillate

  20. Very Large Array (1980) • Radio astronomy observatory in New Mexico is composed of 27 radio antennas in a Y-shaped configuration. They are programmed to work together as a single instrument. • Observations at radio wavelengths address some of the most fundamental questions in astrophysics. The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the Dark Ages before the onset of the first stars or galaxies, the baryonic and dark-matter content of proto-galaxies, the process of re-ionization of the universe by galaxies, and the earliest stages of star and planet formation are all observed using radio techniques. • $80 million in 1972

  21. National Ignition Facility (2009) • The world's largest and highest-energy laser at LLNL. Started ignition experiments that will focus the energy of 192 giant laser beams on a target filled with hydrogen fuel. NIF's ultimate goal is to fuse the hydrogen atoms’ nuclei and produce more energy than the laser energy required to spark the reaction. This is the same fusion energy process that makes the stars shine and provides the life-giving energy of the sun. • NIF is a program of the National Nuclear Security Administration. • The first large-scale laser target experiments were performed in June 2009 and the first integrated ignition experiments were declared completed in October 2010. … billions

  22. E=mc2 U Fe H Science of Fusion well known… New science is in the technology development We are just copying nature !

  23. D-T micro-balloon fuel pellet

  24. Lawrence Livermore National Lab

  25. ITER Fusion program perfect example of BigSc ITER Reactor: Cross Section

  26. Fusion Temperature attained Fusion confinement soon(!?)

  27. Magnetic ConfinementTokomak • Invented in the 50’s by Soviet Physicists • Toroidalchamber with magnetic coils • Toroidal chamber with axial magnetic fields • Most common form of magnetic confinement reactor • Most studied • Walls “capture” the heat and pass it to a heat exchanger which produces steam to drive a turbine • ITER • International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor • Being built in France • First tokomak fusion reactor that will become productive

  28. Inside JET

  29. Captured by an ultra-high-speed camera, a pellet of fuel is injected into a plasma at the ASDEX Upgrade Tokomak in Garching, Germany. Photo: EFDA. Plasma image following the injection of a frozen deuterium pellet Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory JET

  30. Recent Developments: Sandia National Laboratories • Two Purposes: • Weapons research • Pursue the ignition of fusion • Z Accelerator (inertial confinement) • Uses blasts of X-rays crashing into a hydrogen (deuterium) capsule at the center • 200 trillion watts of x-rays (10 x electrical energy than entire generating capacity of the world) • 15 million degrees centigrade Cheaper than Tokamaks and Lasers

  31. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) • Distributed sensor networks, experiments and aerial and satellite remote sensing capabilities, all linked via cyber-infrastructure into a single "scalable" integrated research platform for conducting continental-scale ecological research. • Two broad goals: (i) understand how land-use change and climate variation affect ecological systems and (ii) forecasting future dynamics

  32. Large Hadron Collider (2010) • To answer many fundamental questions • $10 billion “Dinosaurs” from early Universe and other Exotic particles … Parents of today’s dark matter? Many more connections, but let time/data tell us what they are..

  33. LHC…New Era • New state of matter… • Quark Gluon Plasma ? • Matter-Anti Matter • asymmetry… • More CP violation? LHC Energy • Mass Generation … • Higgs ? LHC Physics Reach • Unification of Forces… • Super Symmetry ?

  34. Big Science versus Small Science • Small science is still relevant today as theoretical results by individuals may have a significant impact, but very often empirical verification requires experiments using constructions Not obvious, very important theoretical work should be consider small science based on the cost of the cost of the computing facilities they use.

  35. Small Science to Big Science • Change in size and scale • Mission orientation, external control • University-Government collaboration • Bureaucratic norm, or value system • New role for the state: “science policy” • Emergence of environmentalism

  36. Advances in science are coming at a fantastic and accelerating pace, in part because • Big science has spread into new fields • Increasing multi-disciplinarity of science • Advances in science are being fueled by advances in technology and vice-versa From Big Science to Techno-science

  37. Big Science to Techno-Science • Change in range and scope • Market orientation, global reach • University-industry collaboration • Entrepreneurial norm or value system • The state as strategist: “innovation policy” • The emergence of green business

  38. Relevant topics to our main questions are very diverse… BigSc • Big Science is affected by and will affect: • The economy: • Many by-products, but can also act as a stimulus, etc. • Politics: • Public policy, international relation, etc. • Society: • Conflicts with religious believes, industrialized versus developing nations, etc. • Education: • Impact on cost of education, change of curricula (interdisciplinary), level of education needed to have an impact in a given field

  39. Relevant topics to our main questions are very diverse… BigSc • Big Science is affected by and will affect by…continue: • Trends in Business models: • Public versus Private • Public  tax payers pay  everyone has access to by products (example, WEB development at CERN) • Private  companies  intellectual property  patents • Military/National Security needs • Example: Fighting terrorism • Global crisis • Example: energy crisis

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