Table of Contents

1. Theory of Evolution Chapter 15 Table of Contents Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Section 3 Evolution in Action

2. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Objectives • Definethe biological process of evolution. • Summarizethe history of scientific ideas about evolution. • DescribeCharles Darwin’s contributions to scientific thinking about evolution. • Analyzethe reasoning in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. • Relatethe concepts of adaptation and fitness to the theory of natural selection.

3. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution • Evolution is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types.

4. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals

5. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued • Ideas of Darwin’s Time • Scientific understanding of evolution began to develop in the 17th and 18th centuries as geologists and naturalists compared geologic processes and living and fossil organisms around the world.

6. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued • Lamarck’s Ideas on Evolution • Among naturalists, Lamarck proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolution. • Characteristics acquired over an organisms lifetime were passed on.

7. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas • Descent with Modification • Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.

8. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Voyage

9. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas, continued • Natural Selection • Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases. Allelic frequency changes. • Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness.

10. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Natural Selection

11. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Finches Adaptation

12. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Objectives • Relateseveral inferences about the history of life that are supported by evidence from fossils and rocks. • Explainhow biogeography provides evidence that species evolve adaptations to their environments. • Explainhow the anatomy and development of organisms provide evidence of shared ancestry. • Comparethe use of biological molecules with other types of analysis of evolutionary relationships. • Describethe ongoing development of evolutionary theory.

13. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record • Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy and development, and biological molecules. • Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions.

14. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued • The Age of Fossils • Geologic evidence supports theories about the age and development of Earth.

15. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued • The Distribution of Fossils • The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time.

16. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued • Transitional Species • Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification.

17. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Evidence of Whale Evolution

18. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Biogeography • Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification.

19. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology • In organisms, analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins. • Analogous traits are similar because they are used similarily but were developed separately and do not have a common evolutionary origin (like an insect wing and a bat wing). • Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin.

20. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Forelimbs of Vertebrates- Homologous structureshave a common evolutionary origin.

21. homologous

22. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology, continued • A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure.

23. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Vestigial Features

24. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology, continued • Related species show similarities in embryological development.

25. Similarities in Embryology

26. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Biological Molecules • Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history.

27. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Hemoglobin Comparison

28. Differences in hemoglobin polypeptide

29. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Developing Theory • Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with other advances in biological knowledge. • Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue to be proposed and investigated.

30. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Objectives • Describehow convergent evolution can result among different species. • Explainhow divergent evolution can lead to species diversity. • Compareartificial selection and natural selection. • Explainhow organisms can undergo coevolution.

31. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards • Ongoing examples of evolution among living organisms can be observed, recorded, and tested. • In convergent evolution,organisms that are not closely related resemble each other because they have responded to similar environments.

32. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Comparing Convergent andDivergent Evolution Convergent Evolution

33. Convergent Evolution

34. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards, continued • Divergence and Radiation • In divergent evolution, related populations become less similar as they respond to different environments. • Adaptive radiation is the divergent evolution of a single group of organisms in a new environment.

35. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Natural Selection of Anole Lizard Species

36. Divergent Evolution- Descent with Modification of a species

37. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Artificial Selection • The great variety of dog breeds is an example ofartificial selection.

38. Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Coevolution • The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria is an example of coevolution in progress. • “the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object”

39. Coevolution • Some Central American Acacia species have hollow thorns and pores at the bases of their leaves that secrete nectar. These hollow thorns are the exclusive nest-site of some species of ant that drink the nectar. But the ants are not just taking advantage of the plant—they also defend their acacia plant against herbivores

40. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What is the term for the idea that geologic processes occurring now on Earth are much the same as those that occurred long ago?A. catastrophism B. uniformitarianism C. adaptive radiation D. convergent evolution

41. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. What is the term for the idea that geologic processes occurring now on Earth are much the same as those that occurred long ago?A. catastrophism B. uniformitarianism C. adaptive radiation D. convergent evolution

42. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What is the term for the biological process by which the kinds of organisms on Earth change over time? F. evolution G. superposition H. biogeography J. uniformitarianism

43. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What is the term for the biological process by which the kinds of organisms on Earth change over time? F. evolution G. superposition H. biogeography J. uniformitarianism

44. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. When the internal structures of two species are very similar, what can be inferred about both species? A. They share similar environments. B. They evolved in similar environments. C. They have similar external structures. D. They evolved from a common ancestor.

45. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. When the internal structures of two species are very similar, what can be inferred about both species? A. They share similar environments. B. They evolved in similar environments. C. They have similar external structures. D. They evolved from a common ancestor.

46. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graph below shows the variation in average beak size in a group of finches in the Galápagos Islands over time. These finches eat mostly seeds. Use the graph to answer the question that follows. 4.Beak size in these finches is correlated to the size of seeds they can eat. What can be inferred from the graph? F. In wet years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds. G. In dry years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds. H. In all years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds. J. In all years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat smaller seeds.

47. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graph below shows the variation in average beak size in a group of finches in the Galápagos Islands over time. These finches eat mostly seeds. Use the graph to answer the question that follows. 4.Beak size in these finches is correlated to the size of seeds they can eat. What can be inferred from the graph? F. In wet years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds. G. In dry years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds. H. In all years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds. J. In all years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat smaller seeds.

48. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. vestigial : functional :: vacated : A. used B. visceral C. broken D. occupied

49. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. vestigial : functional :: vacated : A. used B. visceral C. broken D. occupied

50. Chapter 15 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows possible evolutionary relationships between some organisms. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows. 6. What does the diagram imply about warbler finches and armadillos? F. They are unrelated. G. They are equally related to glyptodonts. H. They share a common ancestor. J. They did not evolve from older forms of life.