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General Concepts of Disease

Describing Diseases. Characteristic of a Disease ? the body is usually at a homeostatic stateDisturbance of structure (anatomy) or function (physiology of the body)Organic Disease - structural changes in organs/lesionsFunctional Disease ? no morphologic abnormalitiesExaminationGrossHistologic.

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General Concepts of Disease

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    1. General Concepts of Disease Students: Please note that some terms within this presentation are not found in your text. All concepts will be thoroughly covered in lecture. Govern yourselves accordingly.

    2. Describing Diseases Characteristic of a Disease – the body is usually at a homeostatic state Disturbance of structure (anatomy) or function (physiology of the body) Organic Disease - structural changes in organs/lesions Functional Disease – no morphologic abnormalities Examination Gross Histologic

    3. Describing Diseases Pathology - Study of disease Symptoms Subjective manifestations such as pain, dizziness, and itching Signs Objective evidence of a disease observed such as abnormal pulse or fever Asymptomatic No subjective or objective symptoms Syndrome Combination of signs and symptoms Etiology Cause of the disease Pathogen Causative agent of the disease

    4. Describing Diseases Prognosis diagnosis Acute Sudden onset and short term Chronic Long-lived Terminal death Remission Chronic disease may subside Exacerbation Chronic disease reappear with all severity

    5. Describing Diseases Mortality Measure of the number of deaths from a disease Idiopathic Cause of disease is unknown Relapse Reoccurs after cessation Complication Disease caused from another disease Sequela The aftermath of a disease (damage to heart after rheumatic fever)

    6. Classification of Diseases Classification of Diseases Congenital Developmental disturbances Inflammatory Body reacts to injurious agent by means of inflammation (hay-fever) Degenerative Decline of body parts (arthritis, arteriosclerosis) Metabolic Disturbance in some important metabolic process (diabetes, electrolyte balance) Neoplastic Abnormal cell growth (cancer)

    7. Principles of Diagnosis Principles of Diagnosis History Physical examination Treatment – specific/symptomatic

    8. Diagnostic Test & Procedures Diagnostic Test Clinical Test Concentration of hemoglobin or quantity of red blood cells suggest anemia Concentration of urea may indicate kidney issues Enzymatic levels altered due to diseases

    9. Diagnostic Test & Procedures Electrical Activity Electrocardiogram (ECG) – disturbances in heart rate or rhythm (heart attack) Electroenocephalogram (EEG) – measures electrical activity of brain (brain tumors, strokes) Electromyogram (EMG) – measures electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and rest to detect abnormalities of nerves

    10. Diagnostic Test & Procedures Radioisotope Studies Substances labeled with radioactive material Use radioisotope labeled vitamin B12 to detect normal blood formation Use of radioisotope labeled iodine to measure thyroid function

    11. Endoscopy Esophagoscope - interior of esophagus Gastroscope – stomach Bronchoscope – trachea/bronchi Cytoscope – bladder Sigmoidoscope – rectum/sigmoid colon Colonscope – entire colon Laparoscope – pelvic region

    12. Diagnostic Test & Procedures Ultrasound High frequency sound waves Used for fetal examination, heart valves, gallstones, prostate

    13. Diagnostic Test & Procedures X-Ray Examination X-rays are passed through part of the body Abnormalities of X-rays implies density of tissues X-rays image on film called radiograph Example: mammogram

    14. Diagnostic Test & Procedures Contrast Medium Barium sulfate coats lining of intestinal tracts Detects narrowing or obstructions Arteriogram or angiogram – procedure where flexible catheter is inserted into a large artery in the arm of leg and advanced into the aorta until it is positioned at the opening of the artery that is to be examined

    16. Diagnostic Test & Procedures

    17. Computed Tomographic Scans (CT) X-ray tube is rotated around the patient at various levels. No X-ray film used. Images are fed into a computer as a cross section picture Uses ionization radiation to construct image

    19. Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) Strong magnet capable of developing a magnetic field Uses hydrogen protons to emit signal Very useful for issues with spinal cord and brain

    20. Diagnostic Test & Procedures Positron Emission Tomography Positrons – same mass as electrons but carry positive charge Used to study body functions of the brain Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, brain tumors, strokes Cytologic and Histologic Examinations Pathologist recognizes abnormal cells Removal of tissue (biopsy) provides a histologic examimnation

    21. Discussion What are the underlying principles for these diagnostic procedures: x-ray, CT scan, MRI, PET? Explain the requirements for an effective screening. Differentiate: Symptomatic versus specific treatment Sign versus symptom Symptomatic versus asymptomatic disease Diagnosis versus prognosis

    22. Points to Ponder Some athletes may develop abnormally high red blood cell counts. Why? In the athlete’s case, is this a sign of a disease? A patient reports to her physician that she feels weak and dizzy. Is this enough information to make a diagnosis? What other sources of information can her physician consult?

    23. True or False Pathology is the study of normal body function Mortality refers to the number of deaths caused by a disease Symptoms are objective evidence of a disease Signs may be perceived by the physician Exacerbation and remission may characterize a chronic disease

    24. Fill in the blank A skin rash is an example of a ___________ A(n) ___________ disease has a sudden onset and short course The cause of a disease is known as its _____ A steady state maintained within the body is called ___________ Signs and symptoms recur and become worse during __________

    25. Identify Test or Procedure for Condition Urinary tract infection Fractured wrist Possible heart attack A lump in the breast Maturity of a fetus and location in the placenta

    26. Points to Ponder What is the difference between a diagnosis and a prognosis? What is the difference between symptomatic treatment and specific treatment? What is the difference between EEG, ECG & EMG?

    27. Example of Test Question A patient has a chronic cough, fever, and purulent sputum, and a lung infection (pneumonia) is suspected. Which of the following diagnostic procedures is least likely to provide useful information? A. White blood cell count and differential count B. Chest X-ray C. Culture of sputum for disease-producing organisms D. Urinalysis

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