Translation of Healthcare Information

1. Translation ofHealthcare Information CTL 3352 Scientific and Technical Translation Lecturer: Ivan Yeung

2. 衛生資料簡介 • 衛生資料的種類 • 衛生常識 • 醫療衛生概念 • 疾病簡介 • 藥物知識 • 個人、環境衛生守則 • 旅遊健康資訊 • 流行病通報 • 疫區情報

3. SAFETY OF INJECTIONS -- A GLOSSARY安全注射 ── 術語 • Antigen • Any substance which can generate the formation of a specific antibody (a protein created by the immune system to protect the body). For vaccines, the term antigen refers to a vaccine component that induces protection for one single disease (e.g., the measles antigen induces protection against measles). • 抗原 • 能刺激特異抗體(一種由免疫系統製造，以保護身體的蛋白質) 產生的物質。就疫苗而言，抗原指針對單一疾病提供保護的成分，例如痲疹抗原可以引起對痲疹的免疫力。

4. SAFETY OF INJECTIONS -- A GLOSSARY安全注射 ── 術語 • 動筆！ • Toxic shock syndrome • An acute, sometimes fatal, intoxication by an infectious agent during which organ activity is blocked causing severe shock and hypotension. • 中毒性休克綜合征 (徵) • 感染病原引起之急性中毒，器官功能受阻，引致嚴重休克和低血壓，有時可致命。

5. SAFETY OF INJECTIONS -- A GLOSSARY安全注射 ── 術語 • 動筆！ • Septicaemia • Severe generalised infection resulting from dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins. • 敗血症 • 因病原微生物及其毒素散播造成之嚴重全身感染。

6. SAFETY OF INJECTIONS -- A GLOSSARY安全注射 ── 術語 • 動筆！ • Injection • The administration of a substance into the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle tissue, or veins. • 注射 • 透過皮膚、皮下組織、肌肉組織或靜脈給予物質。

7. Latest update on investigation of septic shock and sepsis cases (7 October 2012)敗血性休克和敗血病個案調查最新進展 • A spokesman for the Department of Health (DH) today (October 7) provided the latest update on the investigation of septic shock and sepsis cases suspected to be related to procedures received in a beauty treatment centre called DR. • 衞生署發言人今日（十月七日）就該署調查共四宗懷疑與接受ＤＲ醫學美容集團的療程有關的敗血性休克和敗血病個案提供最新的進展。

8. Latest update on investigation of septic shock and sepsis cases (7 October 2012)敗血性休克和敗血病個案調查最新進展 • The spokesman said that the blood sample taken from the 46-year-old woman who was admitted to Ruttonjee Hospital (RH) grew Mycobacterium abscessus. • 發言人說，其中一名入住律敦治醫院四十六歲女病人，她的血液樣本被驗出含膿腫分枝桿菌。

9. Latest update on investigation of septic shock and sepsis cases (7 October 2012)敗血性休克和敗血病個案調查最新進展 • Preliminary blood culture from another 56-year-old woman admitted to RH and the 60-year-old woman admitted to United Christian Hospital also grew presumptiveMycobacterium species. Further identification and testing by the Public Health Laboratory Services Branch under the Centre for Health Protection of DH are still pending. • 至於另一名亦入住該院的五十六歲女病人及另一名入住基督教聯合醫院的六十歲女病人，她們的血液樣本初步被驗出含分枝桿菌。現時仍有待衞生署衞生防護中心轄下公共衞生化驗服務處作出進一步的鑑證及化驗。

10. Latest update on investigation of septic shock and sepsis cases (7 October 2012)敗血性休克和敗血病個案調查最新進展 • Other than the 46-year-old woman and the 60-year-old woman who remain in critical condition, the 56-year-old woman is now in serious condition while another 59-year-old woman admitted to Queen Elizabeth Hospital is in stable condition. • 四名病人中，除了上述的四十六歲及六十歲女病人的情況仍然危殆之外，五十六歲女病人的情況已轉為嚴重，而另一名入住伊利沙伯醫院的五十九歲女病人現時情況穩定。

11. Latest update on investigation of septic shock and sepsis cases (7 October 2012)敗血性休克和敗血病個案調查最新進展 • Since DH's hotline (2125 1133) was set up in the evening of October 5, 25 calls were received as of 5pm today. Twelve callers said that they were clients of DR. So far, there are no new cases of septic shock or sepsis suspected to be related to procedures received in the beauty treatment centre. • 自衞生署熱線（2125 1133）於十月五日傍晚設立以來，直至今日下午五時，共接獲二十五個市民查詢，當中十二名來電者表示曾光顧ＤＲ醫學美容集團的服務。暫時沒有發現懷疑與接受該美容集團的療程有關的敗血性休克或敗血病的新個案。 • Joint investigation with the Police is under way. • 衞生署與警方的聯合調查仍然繼續進行。

12. Human Cases with Novel Coronavirus Infection人類感染新型冠狀病毒的個案 • The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a case of novel coronavirus infection with travel history to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Qatar on September 23, 2012. • 世界衛生組織於今年九月二十三日報告一宗曾經到過沙特阿拉伯王國和卡塔爾外遊的新型冠狀病毒感染個案。

13. Human Cases with Novel Coronavirus Infection人類感染新型冠狀病毒的個案 • The case was a previously healthy, 49-year-old male Qatari national who had travel history to the KSA prior to onset of illness, presented with respiratory symptoms on September 3, 2012. • 病者為一名無病患記錄的49歲卡塔爾籍男子，於今年九月三日開始出現呼吸道徵狀，並在病發前曾經到過沙特阿拉伯王國。 • He is currently receiving treatment for severe respiratory illness in London. The Health Protection Agency of the United Kingdom (HPA) conducted laboratory testing and has confirmed the presence of a novel coronavirus. • 他現正因嚴重呼吸道疾病於英國倫敦接受治療。英國衞生防護局為病者的樣本進行測試，證實所感染的為一種新型冠狀病毒。

14. Human Cases with Novel Coronavirus Infection人類感染新型冠狀病毒的個案 • HPA found that the virus isolate* from this patient was highly similar to the coronavirus identified from another fatal case in a 60 year-old male, Saudi national, reported earlier on September 20, 2012. • 英國衞生防護局發現從此病者分離出的病毒，與另一位於九月二十日報告的 60 歲沙特阿拉伯籍男死者的新型冠狀病毒非常相近。

15. Human Cases with Novel Coronavirus Infection人類感染新型冠狀病毒的個案 • To enhance monitoring of the novel coronavirus in Hong Kong, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health has set up an enhanced surveillance mechanism with public and private hospitals for any suspected cases of novel coronavirus infection. • 為加強在香港監察新型冠狀病毒，衞生署衞生防護中心已經與各公私營醫院設立加強監測的機制，以監測任何懷疑感染新型冠狀病毒的個案。

16. Human Cases with Novel Coronavirus Infection人類感染新型冠狀病毒的個案 • Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which includes viruses that cause the common cold and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Given that this is a novel coronavirus, WHO is currently in the process of obtaining further information to determine the public health implications of these two confirmed cases. • 冠狀病毒可分為很多種類，包括可引致傷風及嚴重急性呼吸綜合症的病毒。鑑於這次的病毒為新型冠狀病毒，世界衛生組織現時正在收集更多資料，以了解該兩宗個案對公共衞生的影響。

17. Human Cases with Novel Coronavirus Infection人類感染新型冠狀病毒的個案 • In Hong Kong, our Public Health Laboratory Centre has the capacity to detect this virus. No human infection with this virus has been identified so far in Hong Kong. • 在香港，公共衞生檢測中心可有效檢測到該種病毒。截至目前為止，香港並未發現有人類感染該種病毒的個案。 • CHP will closely monitor the progress of further epidemiological investigations and surveillance, and the corresponding advice from the WHO. • 衞生防護中心將密切留意世界衛生組織的流行病學調查及監察的進展，以及相關的建議。

18. Introduction / 引言 • 1. There are recent concerns over the presence of the potential carcinogenic chemical malachite green (MG) in eels, processed eel products and freshwater fish. This brief gives an account of this substance and the risk to public health in light of available scientific information and the recent food surveillance findings. • 1. 關於發現有些鰻魚、鰻魚製品及淡水魚含有可能致癌的化學物孔雀石綠一事，最近備受關注。本簡訊根據現有的科學資料和最近的食物監察結果，介紹孔雀石綠和闡釋這種化學物對公眾健康的風險。

19. Malachite Green / 孔雀石綠 • 1. Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic dye used to colour different materials such as silk, wool, cotton and paper. • 孔雀石綠是一種合成染劑，用於染真絲、羊毛、棉和紙 (等物品)。

20. Malachite Green / 孔雀石綠 • 動筆！ • 2. MG has been used commonly worldwide in aquaculture as early as the 1930s and is considered by many in the food industry as an effective antifungal agent. It has been used for the treatment of parasitic, fungal and protozoan diseases in fish. • 2. 早在三十年代，世界各地已廣泛使用孔雀石綠養殖水產 *；食品工業界有不少人視之為有效的抗真菌劑；孔雀石綠也用以治療魚類的寄生蟲、真菌和原蟲疾病。 • 2. 早在三十年代，世界各地的水產養殖工序已廣泛使用孔雀石綠； • 2. 早在三十年代，孔雀石綠已廣泛用於世界各地的水產養殖工序；

21. Malachite Green / 孔雀石綠 • 3. When fish is treated with MG, this substance will be absorbed and metabolised in tissues of fish. It has been reported that one of its major metabolites, namely, leucomalachite green (LMG), would persist in fish tissues for a long period of time. • 3. 使用孔雀石綠治療魚類，該物質會被魚類的組織吸收和進行新陳代謝。有報告指出，其中一種主要代謝物 “無色孔雀石綠”(隱色孔雀石綠)會長時間留在魚的組織內。

22. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • 1. International food safety authorities such as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have not evaluated the safety of MG. • 1. 聯合國糧食及農業組織∕世界衛生組織聯合食物添加劑專家委員會(JECFA)，以及國際癌症研究機構(IARC)等國際食物安全組織，都未有評估孔雀石綠的食用安全問題。

23. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • 2. In some research studies in experimental animals, MG was found to be toxic to the liver, cause anaemia and abnormalities in the thyroid, and affect the foetal development of the experimental animals. • 2. 利用動物進行的實驗研究結果顯示，孔雀石綠會毒害實驗動物的肝臟，引致貧血和甲狀腺異常，以及影響胎兒成長。

24. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • 動筆！ • 3. Animal studies also found that MG may cause liver tumours in mice. However, there is yet no evidence of carcinogenicity for MG in humans. • 3. 動物實驗同時發現，孔雀石綠會使老鼠的肝臟出現腫瘤，但目前未有證據證實孔雀石綠可令人類患癌。

25. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • 動筆！ • 4. As for genotoxicity (ability to cause damage to genes), there are conflicting evidences in the international scientific community on whether MG and LMG cause gene mutation or damage to the gene. • 4. 在基因毒性(對基因造成的破壞力)方面，國際科學界對孔雀石綠和無色孔雀石綠會否引起基因突變或損害基因的問題，所得的證據並不一致。

26. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • 5. Due to its ability to cause cancer in experimental animals, it is not appropriate to use MG in food fish. Given the toxicological information available, extensive abuse of MG in aquaculture may result in excessive exposure to MG by the consumers resulting in adverse health consequences. • 5. 由於孔雀石綠會令實驗動物患癌，因此不適宜在食用魚身上使用。根據現有的毒理學資料顯示，如在養殖水產時濫用孔雀石綠，進食該些水產的人士可能因而過量攝取這種化學物，以致健康受損。

27. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • 6. However, in light of the recent findings on the levels of MG found in freshwater fish available locally, exposure to such levels of MG is unlikely to cause significant adverse health consequences to the consumers. • 6. 不過，根據最近檢測本地出售的淡水魚所含孔雀石綠的結果，攝取該些份量的孔雀石綠，不大可能對人體健康造成嚴重影響。

28. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • It has been estimated, using international standard risk assessment methods inferred to humans based on results of animal studies, that significant adverse health effects due to MG are not expected even when a person consumes up to 290 kg of freshwater fish each day. • 如採用國際標準的風險評估方法，根據動物試驗所得結果推斷到人類來計算，即使人類每天進食多達290公斤淡水魚，估計所攝取的孔雀石綠仍不會嚴重影響健康。

29. Public Health Significance / 對人體健康的影響 • For eels, which were found to contain relatively higher levels of MG, significant adverse health effects due to MG are not expected when a person consumes up to 7 kg of eels a day. • 至於孔雀石綠含量較高的鰻魚，就算人類每天進食多達 7 公斤，估計所攝取的孔雀石綠亦不會嚴重影響健康。

30. Regulation / 規管 • 1. Codex has not established food safety standards for MG in food. • 1. 食品法典委員會沒有就在食物中使用孔雀石綠制訂食物安全標準。 • 動筆！ • 2. The US, the EU (including the UK), Canada, Japan, Thailand, Singapore and the Mainland do not permit the use of MG as a veterinary drug on food animals, aquaculture or fish for human consumption. • 2. 美國、歐盟(包括英國)、加拿大、日本、泰國、新加坡和內地均禁止使用孔雀石綠為獸藥，用於供人食用的食用動物、水產養殖*或魚類。 • 2. 美國、歐盟(包括英國)、加拿大、日本、泰國、新加坡和內地均禁止於食用動物、養殖水產或魚類使用孔雀石綠。

31. Regulation / 規管 • 3. In Hong Kong, MG has been included in the Harmful Substances in Food Regulations to prohibit the presence of MG in all food sold in Hong Kong. This legislative amendment makes it an offence to import or sell for human consumption any food containing MG. Offenders will be prosecuted and upon conviction will be liable to a fine of $50,000 and to imprisonment for 6 months. • 3. 香港已把孔雀石綠列入《食物內有害物質規例》的監管範圍，禁止所有在香港出售的食物含有孔雀石綠。這項修訂法例列明，任何人如輸入或售賣供人食用的食物含有孔雀石綠，即屬犯罪。違例者會被檢控，一經定罪，可處罰款5萬元及監禁6個月。

32. Advice to the Trade / 給業界的建議 • 1. Do not use MG on food fish from culture to retail levels. Operate all food fish-related businesses under good agriculture practices*. • 1. 在養殖或零售食用魚時，切勿使用孔雀石綠。經營與食用魚有關的所有行業，必須奉行優良務農規範。 • 2. Buy fish from reputable suppliers or importers. Avoid buying fish from dubious sources. In case of doubt, ask for and check documents and certificates accompanying the consignment to ensure the supply is MG free. • 2. 向信譽良好的供應商或進口商購買魚類，避免買入來歷不明的魚類。如有疑問，應要求查閱付運文件和證明書，以確保來貨不含孔雀石綠。

33. Advice to Consumers / 給消費者的建議 • 1. In the light of the available scientific information and levels of MG detected in freshwater fish and eels recently, risk of significant adverse health effects of MG due to consumption of freshwater fish or eels is considered remote. • 1. 根據現有的科學資料，以及近日從淡水魚及鰻魚驗出的孔雀石綠含量，人類因進食含有孔雀石綠的淡水魚或鰻魚，以致健康嚴重受損的機會甚微。 • 2. Buy food fish from reputable sources. Do not patronise illegal hawkers selling food fish and their products. • 2. 向信譽良好的店鋪∕攤檔購買食用魚。不要光顧售賣食用魚及魚類製品的無牌小販。

34. Advice to Consumers / 給消費者的建議 • 3. Maintain a balanced diet with a variety of food. • 3. 保持飲食均衡，進食多樣不同種類的食物。 • Risk Assessment SectionAugust 2005 • 風險評估組二零零五年八月

35. 疾病簡介 • Causative agent 病原體 • Clinical features 臨床病徵 • Mode of transmission 傳播途徑 • Incubation period 潛伏期 • Management 治理方法 • Prevention 預防方法

36. 動筆！Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases • Causative agent • Acute diarrhoea can be caused by a number of different agents. Common infective causative agents include bacteria such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella, and viruses such as Norwalk-like virus and rotavirus. Less common organisms include those causing cholera, bacillary dysentery and Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection etc. Acute diarrhoeal diseases may occur in all ages, but children are more often affected. • 病原體 • 急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉)可由多種不同的病原體引起，常見的病原體包括細菌(如副溶血性弧菌及沙門氏菌)和過濾性病毒(如諾沃克類病毒及旋轉病毒* / 輪狀病毒)。其他病原體包括引致霍亂、痢疾及 O157:H7型大腸桿菌感染的細菌。急性腹瀉可發生於任何年齡人士，當中尤以兒童最容易受影響。

37. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Clinical features • Patients with acute diarrhoeal diseases present with sudden onset of frequent loose or watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting and fever. The disease is usually mild with spontaneous recovery. Dehydration and shock may occur in severe cases. • 臨床病徵 • 急性腹瀉病人會有頻密的稀爛或水狀大便，更會出現嘔吐及發熱。病情通常溫和，一般會自然痊癒，但部份較嚴重的個案可能會出現脫水及休克的情況。*

38. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Clinical features • Patients with acute diarrhoeal diseases present with sudden onset of frequent loose or watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting and fever. The disease is usually mild with spontaneous recovery. Dehydration and shock may occur in severe cases. • 臨床病徵 • 急性腹瀉病人會有頻密的稀爛或水狀大便，常伴隨出現嘔吐及發熱。病情通常溫和，一般會自然痊癒，但部份較嚴重的個案可能會出現脫水及休克的情況。

39. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Mode of Transmission • Acute diarrhoeal diseases usually spread by contaminated hands or ingestion of contaminated food or drinks, and occasionally by aerosol. Outbreaks may occur in settings like institutions and child care centers. • 傳播途徑 • 急性腹瀉通常是透過受病菌或病毒污染的手或進食受污染的食物或飲品傳染，間中 (偶爾)亦可經空氣中的飛沫傳播。(可在幼兒中心等人口密集的院舍場所爆發。)

40. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Incubation period • The incubation period is usually a few hours to five days after exposure for bacterial diarrhoea and one to two days for viral diarrhoea. • 潛伏期 • 由細菌引起的急性腹瀉一般潛伏期為數小時至五天，病毒引起的則約為一至兩天。

41. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • 動筆！ • Management • Acute diarrhoeal diseases are usually managed by fluid and electrolyte replacement. Patient should consult his/her family doctor for proper management if the diarrhoea is severe. Self-medication is not advisable. • 治理方法 • 水份及電解質的補充有助急性腹瀉病人康復。腹瀉情況嚴重的病人應向家庭醫生就診，不應自行購買藥物服用。*

42. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Management • Acute diarrhoeal diseases are usually managed by fluid and electrolyte replacement. Patient should consult his/her family doctor for proper management if the diarrhoea is severe. Self-medication is not advisable. • 治理方法 • 補充水份和電解質，有助急性腹瀉病人康復。腹瀉情況嚴重的病人應向家庭醫生求診，不應自行購買藥物服用。 • 急性腹瀉常透過補充水份及電解質治理。腹瀉情況嚴重的病人應向家庭醫生求診，不應自行購買藥物服用。

43. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Prevention • 1. Observe good personal hygiene. Wash hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food and after defecation. • 預防方法 • 1. 保持良好的個人衛生，要經常洗手，尤其在進食前、準備食物前及(和) 如廁後。

44. Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases急性腸道傳染病(急性腹瀉) • Prevention / 預防方法 • 2. Observe good food hygiene. Avoid consumption of raw food, especially for high risk persons like elderly, children and pregnant women. • 2. 保持良好的食物衛生，避免進食生的食物，尤其是長者、兒童及孕婦等高危人仕 (士)。 • 3. Observe the above health measures also when traveling abroad. • 3. 在外出旅遊時亦應注意以上的衛生守則。 • 3. 外出旅遊時，亦應注意以上的衛生守則。

45. Advice on mosquito control and prevention 防治蚊患忠告 • 動筆！ • Aedes albopictus is highly prevalent in Hong Kong. It breeds both in urban and rural areas and their breeding sites can be artificial receptacles like cans, lunch boxes, discarded tyres, clogged surface channels, containers; and naturally occurring tree holes, bamboo stumps and leaf axils. • 白紋伊蚊遍佈香港的市區和郊區。滋生蚊子的地方，既可以是空罐、午餐飯盒、棄置的輪胎、淤塞的排水明渠、容器等人造盛器，也可以是天然存在的樹洞、竹樹的殘段和葉腋。

46. Advice on mosquito control and prevention 防治蚊患忠告 • Killing of mosquito larvae • Prevention is better than cure. As the mosquitoes have to breed in water, it is more effective and efficient to control mosquito at source at its aquatic stage. • 殺滅蚊幼蟲 • 預防勝於治療。由於蚊子必須在水中產卵，消滅其於生長的階段，更為有效。 • 預防勝於治療。由於蚊子必須在水中產卵，在其生長階段做滅蚊工作，事半功倍。

47. Advice on mosquito control and prevention 防治蚊患忠告 • Killing of mosquito larvae (cont.) • Pesticide should only be used for killing of mosquito in its breeding place or preventing its breeding if the breeding sources or potential breeding grounds are inaccessible or could not be eliminated for the time being. The followings must be noted for killing mosquito larvae: • 倘若無法接近或暫時難以清除蚊的滋生源頭或可能滋生地，才須施用除害劑以殺滅蚊的幼蟲。以除害劑殺滅蚊的幼蟲時，須注意以下各點：

48. Advice on mosquito control and prevention 防治蚊患忠告 • Killing of mosquito larvae (cont.) • Larvicidal oil or larvicide (such as temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis etc.) can be applied to stagnant water directly with dosage according to the label instructions. • 須直接向積水用蚊油或殺幼蟲劑(例如相硫磷、桿菌屬亞種蘇雲金桿菌等)，按照標籤上所列明的劑量。* • 可直接向積水用蚊油或殺幼蟲劑 (例如相硫磷、蘇雲氏金桿菌以色列亞種等) ，按照標籤上所列明的劑量使用。 • 可按照標籤上所列明的劑量，直接向積水施用蚊油或殺幼蟲劑 (例如相硫磷、蘇力菌以色列亞種等) 。

49. Advice on mosquito control and prevention 防治蚊患忠告 • Killing of mosquito larvae (cont.) • Higher than required concentration of larvicide or excessive amount of larvicidal oil would not give better result on killing the mosquito larvae. • 使用較高濃度的殺幼蟲劑或過量的蚊油，並不會增加殺幼蟲劑或蚊油的效力。 • The pesticides used must have been registered with the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. • 所使用的除害劑必須已向漁農自然護理署註冊。

50. Advice on mosquito control and prevention 防治蚊患忠告 • Killing of mosquito larvae (cont.) • Depending on the product, larvicide may be appliedweekly into the stagnant water until the water has been removed. • 視乎個別殺幼蟲劑的效力，在有積水的地方每星期施用殺幼蟲劑，直至積水清除為止。 • Larvicidal oil need not be applied into the stagnant water again if the oil is still present in the water. • 倘積水表面仍有蚊油，便不須再次施用。