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Ch2 Water, Air and Their Impurities

Ch2 Water, Air and Their Impurities. 2.A Water and the Hydrosphere. 水及水圈 空氣及大氣圈 環境介質中之污染物 酸、鹼、 無機物、 有機物、 臭味、顏色、 顆粒物質、 微生物. Water and hydrosphere. Hydrologic cycle Characteristic residence times Physicochemical properties Density (1g/cm 3 , 55.6 M, Temp., Composition)

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Ch2 Water, Air and Their Impurities

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  1. Ch2 Water, Air and Their Impurities 2.A Water and the Hydrosphere Environmental Engineering Science

  2. 水及水圈 • 空氣及大氣圈 • 環境介質中之污染物 • 酸、鹼、 • 無機物、 • 有機物、 • 臭味、顏色、 • 顆粒物質、 • 微生物 Environmental Engineering Science

  3. Water and hydrosphere • Hydrologic cycle • Characteristic residence times • Physicochemical properties • Density (1g/cm3, 55.6 M, Temp., Composition) • Density of ice 0.92 g/cm3 • Viscosity (0.6-1.8 g/m.s in 0-40 oC) • Water and Life • O2 → H2O Environmental Engineering Science

  4. 水密度隨溫度而異，湖泊溫層逆轉。 • 水比熱較高，穩定氣溫。 • 微生物細胞含水率75%(w/w)以上。 Environmental Engineering Science

  5. Environmental Engineering Science

  6. Density of freshwater, as a function of temperature

  7. Density of seawater (a) as a function of salinity (mass percentage of total salts in water) for various temperatures and (b) as a function of temperature for various salinities.

  8. Dynamic viscosity, μ, of freshwater as a function of temperature.

  9. 2.B Air and the Atmosphere • Five major gases Environmental Engineering Science

  10. Physicochemical properties of air • Ideal gas • n/V = P/RT (1 atm, 293 K, gas conc.=41.6 mol/m3) • Partial pressure = Mole fraction • Molecular weight (dry, moist) • Density (Temp., Pressure) • Atmosphere Environmental Engineering Science

  11. 空氣分子量計算 • 空氣分子量隨含水量(濕度)而異。 • 理想氣體公式之使用。 • 空氣之比熱明顯較水低。 Environmental Engineering Science

  12. PV=nRT PM=ρRT • Density of dry air versus temperature at several pressures (P)

  13. Ci = MW．ni/ V ↓ Ci = YiMW．ni / V ( PV = nRT ) ↓ Ci = YiMW．P / RT And ρair= MW．n/ V = MW．P / RT Environmental Engineering Science

  14. Environmental Engineering Science

  15. Typical dependence of temperature, pressure, and air density on height through the lower portion of the troposphere. The given altitudes range from sea level to near that of the tallest mountains on earth.

  16. 2.CImpurities in Environmental Media • 2.C.1 Gases Dissolved in water • 2.C.2 Water in Air • 2.C.3Acids,Bases,and the Hydrogen Ion • 2.C.4 Inorganic Impurities • 2.C.5Organic Impurities • 2.C.6 Radio nuclides • 2.C.7 Compounds Causing Odor,Taste,or Color • 2.C.8 Particulate Matter • 2.C.9 Microorganisms Environmental Engineering Science

  17. 2.C.1 Gases Dissolved in water • O2, CO2, SO2, HNO3, NH3, CH4 • 2.C.2 Water in Air • 2.C.3 Acids, Bases, and the Hydrogen Ion • pH = -log [H+] • pH = 1 -14, pH = 0 (?) Environmental Engineering Science

  18. 2.C.4 Inorganic Impurities • Ions in water • Electroneutrality, • Ionic strength, • Hardness, • Alkalinity, A=[OH- ]+[HCO3-]+2[CO32- ]- [H+ ] • Inorganic gaseous pollutants • CO, NOx, SOx, O3 • Toxic metals • Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) Environmental Engineering Science

  19. Environmental Engineering Science

  20. 水中正負離子呈電價中性狀態，陽離子當量數等於陰離子當量數。水中正負離子呈電價中性狀態，陽離子當量數等於陰離子當量數。 • TDS 代表總溶解固體物，含非離子成分。 • 離子強度：用以表示溶液中離子間靜電作用力強度。 • 硬度：多價陽離子當量數總和。硬度種類 • 硬水定義、硬度單位。 • 硬水軟化技術。 Environmental Engineering Science

  21. 鹼度：中和酸之能力，與鹼性(pH>7)不同，重要參數。鹼度：中和酸之能力，與鹼性(pH>7)不同，重要參數。 • 鹼度單位。 • 無機氣態污染物：CO, NO2, SO2, O3. • 毒性重金屬 …… Environmental Engineering Science

  22. NaCl 之電導度 Environmental Engineering Science

  23. MgSO4之電導度 Environmental Engineering Science

  24. 2.C.5 Organic Impurities • Specific organic impurities • HCHO, CFCs, Benzene, PCE, Dioxin, PAHs • Aggregate measurement of organic compounds • OD, TOD (ThOD), BOD, COD, TOC • NMHC Environmental Engineering Science

  25. 特定有機污染物 • 非特定有機污染物，總合性有機污染物之必要性及限制。 • 氧需要量之意義。 • 氧需要量與有機碳之轉換。 • BOD 之定義、實驗、特性。 • COD 之定義、實驗、特性。 • BOD < COD (?) • NMHC – ppmC, ppbC Environmental Engineering Science

  26. Environmental Engineering Science

  27. 2.C.6 Radio nuclides • 2.C.7 Compounds Causing Odor,Taste,or Color • 2.C.8 Particulate Matter • Aerosol and Hydrosol • Small Colloids (10-3 μm) • Particles in Air: fine and coarse • Particles in Water: settleable, suspended and colloidal solid Environmental Engineering Science

  28. Environmental Engineering Science

  29. Environmental Engineering Science

  30. Environmental Engineering Science

  31. Environmental Engineering Science

  32. Environmental Engineering Science

  33. 2.C.9 Microorganisms Environmental Engineering Science

  34. 微生物：細菌、真菌、藻類、原生動物 、病毒。 • 細菌之角色、分類、應用特性。 • 好氧、厭氧、兼性 • 異營、自營 • 光合、化合 • 原生動物、後生動物 – 水質指標微生物。 • 真菌、藻類 – 明日之星。 • 病毒 – 疾病、研究用途。 Environmental Engineering Science

  35. Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic • Bacteria • Algae • Fungi • Archaea • Viruses • Protozoa

  36. Environmental Engineering Science

  37. Problem assignments #2 In textbook: • 2.3 Volume occupied by air • 2.14 Electroneutrality • 2.15 River water quality • READING:Chapter 2: Section 2.C (pp. 41-69)Chapter 3: Sections 3.A and 3.B (pp. 76-106)Appendix C (pp. 613-619 Environmental Engineering Science

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