The Civil War

1. The Civil War Chapter 21

2. Essential Question? • Why are the battle of Gettysburg and the siege of Vicksburg considered turning points in the Civil War?

3. Bull Run • Also known as Manassas • North expected a quick end to the war. • North so sure of victory that spectators visited. • South wins an easy victory. • Significance: this will be a long war.

4. Tardy McClellan • George McClellan given command over Army of the Potomac for US. • Loved by his soldiers • Very cautious, trained for nearly a full year. • Peninsula Campaign • US attempt to invade Vir. From the sea in 1862 • Lee’s army was victorious, forced McClellan out of Vir. • Cost McClellan his command

5. Union Commanders • 1861: Winfield Scott • 1861: George McClellan • 1862: A. Burnside • 1863: Joe Hooker • 1863: George Meade • 1864: Ulysses Grant

6. Yankee Plans • 1. Blockade • 2. Liberate slaves • 3. Seize the Mississippi • 4. Cut through Georgia and Carolinas • 5. Capture Richmond • 6. Engage the enemy head on

7. Naval Warfare • Is British sovereignty compromised by the blockade? • British say yes, but let it slide because they may use the blockade in a future war (WWI). • Blockade running could be profitable • Merrimack: 1st ironclad ship (CSA) • Could easily sink wooden vessels of the North. • Cannon balls bounced off of it. • 1862: Monitor v. Merrimack (1st ironclad battle)

8. Antietam (1862) • A number of small victories built CSA confidence, wanted to invade north (1. Get MD to secede, 2. Scare north into peace treaty) • Lee’s battle plans fell into enemy hands • McClellan forces Lee’s troops to retreat back to Vir., but fails to chase them. • Significance • McClellan scorned for not following Lee, removed from command • British and French would have backed CSA with a victory, abandoned them in defeat. • Victory gave Lincoln the momentum he needed for Emancipation Proclamation.

9. Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln’s executive order on slavery. • Did not free slaves in border states. Why? • Only freed slaves in theory. • Stated that all slaves behind enemy lines (CSA) are free. • When slaves heard of this them escaped in greater numbers. • Gave the war a moral purpose. • Abolitionists claimed he hadn’t gone far enough. • Desertions increased from US army because many didn’t want to fight for slave freedom.

10. Emancipation Proclamation

11. Blacks Battle Bondage • All black regiments created, with white leaders. • Originally given non-combat duty (cooks, cleaning, building), later given opportunity in battle • Dangerous, if captured often executed • Fort Pillow Massacre • Slaves behind enemy lines acted as spies

12. Stonewall Jackson • Lee’s “right arm” • Brilliant officer for the CSA • Inspiration to men • Killed by friendly fire at Chancellorsville in 1863 • South dosen’t win a battle without him

13. Gettysburg • 1863 • Anti-war sentiment high in north, Lee wants to take advantage with a decisive victory on Yankee ground • Fought July 1-3 in Pennsylvania • Back and forth until “Picket’s charge” fails for CSA • Powerful victory for North • Last hope for victory for South

14. Gettysburg

15. Vicksburg and the West • Ulysses S. Grant and brilliant young commander in the western theater • “Unconditional Surrender” Grant • Helped capture Tennessee in 1862 • Protected Kentucky, kept them in the Union • 1862: US captures New Orleans

16. Vicksburg and the West • By 1863 US had most of Mississippi River under control, except Vicksburg • Vicksburg’s position on the bluffs over the river meant it could easily fire on US ships • Grant decides to surround city (seize), not let anything in or out. • After 2 months with no food, Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863.

17. The tide is Turned • Gettysburg ends July 3, 1863 • Vicksburg ends July 4, 1863 • What is left for the Union War plan?

18. Sherman’s March • With Miss. and Tenn. Under Union control they looked east • William Tecumseh Sherman given the task of conquering Alab., Georgia and Carolinas • Sherman breaks his supply lines, soldiers pillage off the land • Starts in Atlanta, burns, kills, destroys everything from Atlanta to Savannah Georgia • “Total Warfare”, meant to break the will of southerners, keep food from Confederates at battlefront • Travelled from Savannah to Raleigh

19. William Tecumseh Sherman

20. Election of 1864 • Not all republicans happy with Lincoln • Many not happy with his decisions (Radical Republicans) • Democrats still weak from war, Steven Douglas dead • Northern Democrats that supported the war known as Copperheads • 1864: Republicans join War favoring Democrats to form Union Party • Copperheads and Pro Peace Dem. nominate George McClellan (?). McClellan promises peace • Union Party nominates Lincoln and Andrew Johnson as VP • Mid-1864: Dosen’t look good for Lincoln

21. Election of 1864 War successes in Mobile, Sherman’s March and strong support from soldiers boosted Lincoln late in 1864 No peace for the South, no independence

22. Grant vs. Lee Grant takes command in the Virginia theater Decides to chase Lee through VA, engage him often, and not stop pursuing until he quits or runs out of men Grant’s men suffered heavy casualties. • “Grant the Butcher” • In April 1865 Richmond captured by North, burned • Small battle near Appomattox Court House will be the last; Lee has few men left, so he surrenders

23. Appomattox Court House

24. Lincoln’s Last Days • Lincoln travelled to Richmond 3 days after its surrender • Sat in JD’s chair • Back in Washington parades and bands celebrated • Lincoln requested to hear the song “Dixie” • On Good Friday, he and wife Mary went to see a play at Ford’s Theater in DC • While watching, John Wilkes Booth snuck up behind him and assassinated him. • Booth was a confederate sympathizer

26. Lincoln’s Legacy • Savior if the Union • If he had lived he would have gone easy on southern survivors. • Nation mourned for days • Andrew Johnson becomes president, no one wanted that • Bent the rules to accomplish a greater good.

27. Lincoln Memorial

28. Results of Civil War • More deaths than all other US wars combined: 620,000 • Billions of dollars • Strong states’ rights crushed • Nullification, secession doomed • Roughest test for US democracy to date • Inspires UK to give suffrage to entire population • Slavery doomed by 13th amendment • The South never recovers from agricultural destruction • “What ifs” perpetuate the “Lost Cause” docterine

29. Essential Question? • Why are the battle of Gettysburg and the siege of Vicksburg considered turning points in the Civil War?

30. Civil War1861-1865